Host–Guest Extraction of Heavy Metal Ions with p-t-Butylcalix[8]arene from Ammonia or Amine Solutions

Figure 6

Plots of percentage extraction vs. molar ratio [L]/[M] for the extraction of Cd²⁺ and Ni³⁺ with H₈L under the same reaction condition of Figure 3. O:A = 1:1. Symbol (empty green inverted triangle), (filled green circle) (repeated) (filled red diamond) (filled red circle) (repeated)-H₈L; O/A = 1; T = 25°C.