Assessment of Some Physicochemical Parameters and Heavy Metals in Hand-Dug Well Water Samples of Kafta Humera Woreda, Tigray, Ethiopia

Table 1

The physicochemical parameter concentrations (mean ± SD, N = 3) of hand-dug well samples of Kafta Humera Woreda.

Physicochemical parameters (mean ± SD)	Water sources				WHO [14]	ESA [15]
	Kunama Adigoshu	Hagere Selam	May Woyni	Habesha Adigoshu
Temperature (°C)	27.90 ± 0.10	27.73 ± 0.15	28.30 ± 0.25	27.67 ± 0.15	25	—
Turbidity (NTU)	1.79 ± 0.02	1.71 ± 0.03	1.89 ± 0.03	1.67 ± 0.03	5	5
EC (μS/cm)	932 ± 0.98	148.5 ± 0.89	367 ± 0.36	408.2 ± 0.96	750	1500
TDS (mg/L)	664.28 ± 0.70	105.8 ± 0.62	261.57 ± 0.26	291.03 ± 0.60	500	1000
pH	7.4 ± 0.20	7.6 ± 0.22	6.9 ± 0.32	8.2 ± 0.36	6.5-8.5	6.5-8.5
DO (mg/L)	5.7 ± 0.12	5.98 ± 0.05	5.6 ± 0.06	6.2 ± 0.04	5-7	—
TA (mg/L)	215 ± 5.00	75 ± 5.00	185 ± 5.00	165 ± 5.00	120	200
TH (mg/L)	295.3 ± 2.38	71.8 ± 3.05	142.3 ± 3.42	174.57 ± 3.70	300	300
Calcium	75.88 ± 0.93	12.02 ± 0.82	29.13 ± 1.30	33.45 ± 1.32	100.00	75.00
Magnesium	25.70 ± 0.17	9.80 ± 0.80	16.87 ± 0.09	22.07 ± 0.58	50.00	50.00
Sodium	12.75 ± 0.87	2.20 ± 0.16	4.83 ± 0.07	5.67 ± 0.04	200.00	200.00
Potassium	0.86  ±  0.04	0.13 ± 0.03	0.35 ± 0.05	0.36 ± 0.03	10.00	1.50
Chloride	42.72 ± 0.20	12.87 ± 0.02	24.56 ± 0.17	34.95 ± 0.07	250.00	250.00
Sulfate	118.63 ± 0.46	17.24 ± 0.96	47.13 ± 0.33	52.96 ±  0.27	250.00	250.00
Phosphate	0.018 ± 0.006	0.023 ± 0.002	0.072 ± 0.005	0.073 ± 0.002	2.00	2.00
Nitrate	5.43 ± 0.63	1.86 ± 0.26	2.14 ± 0.04	2.37 ± 0.04	45.00	50.00

WHO: World Health Organization; ESA: Ethiopian Standard Agency; SD: standard deviation; ND: not reported.