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| Study (reference) | Sample description | Overall findings |
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| Paganini-Hill and Henderson [14] | 355 postmenopausal women (165 users; 190 nonusers) with a mean age of 86.5 years at death; retrospective data from the Leisure World, Laguna Hills cohort | ERT (not specified) for 1–7 years was associated with reduced risk for AD (OR: 0.67, CI 95% 0.38–1.17) compared to nonusers. Risk for AD decreased with longer duration of use. |
| Tang et al. [13] | 1124 healthy postmenopausal women (156 users; 968 nonusers), with a mean age of 74.2, enrolled in the Manhattan Study of Aging | After controlling for age, education, and ethnicity, ERT (majority used CEE) for 6–8 years was associated with lower risk for AD (OR 0.50, 95% CI, 0.25–0.90) compared to nonusers. Risk for AD decreased with longer duration of use. |
| Kawas et al. [12] | 514 healthy postmenopausal women (230-users; 242-non-users), with a mean age of 65.5, enrolled in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging | After controlling for education, ERT (not specified) for 1–10 years was associated with lower risk for AD (OR: 0.46, 95% CI, 0.21–0.99) compared to non-users. No effect was observed for duration of use. |
| Rocca et al., [15–17] | 813 women with unilateral oophorectomy, 676 women with bilateral oophorectomy, and 1,472 women who did not undergo oophorectomy. | Women who underwent oophorectomy (unilateral or bilateral) before onset of menopause were at increased risk for cognitive impairment or dementia (OR: 1.46, 95% CI, 1.13–1.90) compared to women who did not undergo oophorectomy. Risk increased with younger age at oophorectomy. |
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