Enhancing Resourcefulness to Improve Outcomes in Family Caregivers and Persons with Alzheimer’s Disease: A Pilot Randomized Trial

Table 4

Adjusted means, standard deviations, and effect sizes for study variables over time.

Variables^a	Resourcefulness training group ( = 50), mean (SD)	Usual-care group ( = 52), mean (SD)	Effect size	value
Resourcefulness*
T2	46.47 (27.37)	31.80 (27.37)	.54	<.001
T3	43.32 (28.83)	33.04 (28.83)	.36	.048
Depression*
T2	14.49 (8.89)	14.07 (8.89)	.05	.77
T3	13.23 (8.90)	14.41 (8.90)	.13	.13
Anxiety*
T2	40.72 (12.21)	35.33 (12.21)	.44	.042
T3	36.99 (11.97)	39.70 (11.97)	.23	.29
Preparedness*
T2	2.58 (.74)	2.39 (.74)	.26	.14
T3	2.86 (.70)	2.57 (.70)	.41	.041
Role reward^+
T2	2.94 (.85)	2.89 (.85)	.07	.68
T3	3.00 (.90)	2.92 (.90)	.08	.61
Mutuality^+
T2	2.45 (.77)	2.52 (.77)	.09	.54
T3	2.76 (.79)	2.52 (.79)	.30	.10
Role strain^+
T2	1.94 (.83)	1.84 (.83)	.12	.43
T3	1.90 (.88)	1.85 (.88)	.06	.78
Behavior problems (frequency)^+
T2	1.31 (.64)	1.34 (.64)	.05	.83
T3	1.31 (.60)	1.62 (.60)	.11	.11

Primary outcome.
⁺Secondary outcome
^aPreintervention scores were used as covariates in the analysis.
T2 = 6 weeks (immediately after intervention); T3 = 12 weeks after intervention.
Values of .2, .5, and .8 were defined as small, medium, and large effect sizes, respectively.