Down's syndrome (DS, trisomy 21) represents a complex genetic abnormality that leads to pathology in later life that is similar to Alzheimer's disease (AD). We compared two cases of DS with APOE <svg style="vertical-align:-0.13794pt;width:7.6875px;" id="M1" height="7.1875" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 7.6875 7.1875" width="7.6875"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
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</svg>3/3 genotypes, a similar age at death, and comparable amyloid-beta 42 peptide (A<svg style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:8.8500004px;" id="M2" height="13.425" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 8.8500004 13.425" width="8.8500004"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
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</svg>42) burdens in the brain but that differed markedly in the severity of AD-like pathology. One exhibited extensive neurofibrillary pathology whereas the other showed minimal features of this type. Comparable loads of A<svg style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:8.8500004px;" id="M3" height="13.425" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 8.8500004 13.425" width="8.8500004"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.425)">
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</svg>42 could relate to the cases' similar life-time accumulation of A<svg style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:8.8500004px;" id="M4" height="13.425" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 8.8500004 13.425" width="8.8500004"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.425)">
		<g transform="translate(72,-61.26)">
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</svg> due to trisomy 21-enhanced metabolism of amyloid precursor protein (APP). The cases' significant difference in AD-like pathology, however, suggests that parenchymal deposition of A<svg style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:8.8500004px;" id="M5" height="13.425" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 8.8500004 13.425" width="8.8500004"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
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			</text>

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</svg>42, even when extensive, may not inevitably trigger AD-like tau pathology (though it may be necessary). Thus, these observations of a natural experiment may contribute to understanding the nuances of the amyloid cascade hypothesis of AD pathogenesis.

Rania M. Bakkar

Guangju Luo

Thomas A. Webb

Keith A.  Crutcher

Gabrielle M. de Courten-Myers

Down&#39;s Syndrome with Alzheimer&#39;s Disease-Like Pathology: What Can It Teach Us about the Amyloid Cascade Hypothesis?

Alzheimer's disease is the leading cause of dementia in older adults. Although memory problems are the most characteristic symptom of this disorder, many individuals also experience progressive problems with communication. This systematic review investigates the effectiveness of methods to improve the verbal communication of individuals with Alzheimer's disease with their caregivers. The following databases were reviewed: PsychINFO, CINAHL, EMBASE, MEDLINE, REHABDATA, and COMDIS. The inclusion criteria were: (i) experimentally based studies, (ii) quantitative results, (iii) intervention aimed at improving verbal communication of the affected individual with a caregiver, and (iv) at least 50% of the sample having a confirmed diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. A total of 13 studies met all of the inclusion criteria. One technique emerged as potentially effective: the use of memory aids combined with specific caregiver training programs.  The strength of this evidence was restricted by methodological limitations of the studies. Both adoption of and further research on these interventions are recommended.

Mary Egan

Daniel Bérubé

Geneviève Racine

Carol Leonard

Elizabeth Rochon

Methods to Enhance Verbal Communication between Individuals with Alzheimer's Disease and Their Formal and Informal Caregivers: A Systematic Review

Glial activation and increased inflammation characterize neuropathology in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The aim was to develop a model for studying phagocytosis of <svg style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:8.8500004px;" id="M2" height="13.425" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 8.8500004 13.425" width="8.8500004"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
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</svg>-amyloid (A<svg style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:8.8500004px;" id="M3" height="13.425" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 8.8500004 13.425" width="8.8500004"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
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</svg>) peptide by human microglia  and to test effects thereupon by immunomodulatory substances. Human CHME3 microglia showed intracellular A<svg style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:25.875px;" id="M4" height="14.475" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 25.875 14.475" width="25.875"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
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</svg> colocalized with lysosome-associated membrane protein-2, indicating phagocytosis. This was increased by interferon-<svg style="vertical-align:-2.34499pt;width:8.0625px;" id="M5" height="9.9375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 8.0625 9.9375" width="8.0625"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
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</svg>, and to a lesser degree with Protollin, a proteosome-based adjuvant. Secretion of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was decreased by A<svg style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:25.875px;" id="M6" height="14.475" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 25.875 14.475" width="25.875"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
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</svg> and by interferon-<svg style="vertical-align:-2.34499pt;width:8.0625px;" id="M7" height="9.9375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 8.0625 9.9375" width="8.0625"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
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</svg> and interleukin-1<svg style="vertical-align:-2.29482pt;width:8.8500004px;" id="M8" height="13.425" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 8.8500004 13.425" width="8.8500004"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
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</svg>. These cytokines, but not A<svg style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:25.875px;" id="M9" height="14.475" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 25.875 14.475" width="25.875"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
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</svg>, stimulated interleukin-6 release. Microglia which phagocytosed A<svg style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:25.875px;" id="M10" height="14.475" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 25.875 14.475" width="25.875"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
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</svg> exhibited a higher degree of expression of interleukin-1 receptor type I and inducible nitric oxide synthase. In conclusion, we show that human microglia are able to phagocytose A<svg style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:25.875px;" id="M11" height="14.475" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 25.875 14.475" width="25.875"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
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</svg> and that this is associated with expression of inflammatory markers. A<svg style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:25.875px;" id="M12" height="14.475" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 25.875 14.475" width="25.875"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
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</svg> and interferon-<svg style="vertical-align:-2.34499pt;width:8.0625px;" id="M13" height="9.9375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 8.0625 9.9375" width="8.0625"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
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</svg> decreased BDNF secretion suggesting a new neuropathological role for A<svg style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:25.875px;" id="M14" height="14.475" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 25.875 14.475" width="25.875"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.475)">
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</svg> and the inflammation accompanying AD.

Erik Hjorth

Dan Frenkel

Howard Weiner

Marianne Schultzberg

Effects of Immunomodulatory Substances on Phagocytosis of A<svg style="vertical-align:-4.0404pt" height="17.262501" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 28.737499 17.262501" width="28.737499" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,12.162)"><path id="x1D6FD" d="M558 587q0 -32 -14 -61t-40 -53.5t-48.5 -41t-54.5 -36.5q144 -51 144 -174q0 -55 -43.5 -108t-104.5 -87q-77 -42 -131 -42q-31 0 -54 20t-31 47l11 18q48 -29 108 -29q79 0 119.5 43t40.5 109t-44.5 107.5t-119.5 50.5l22 47q34 1 65 21q96 61 96 157q0 42 -24 67.5&#xA;t-62 25.5q-24 0 -43.5 -9t-35 -29.5t-27 -44t-22.5 -63t-19.5 -75.5t-18.5 -91q-57 -294 -68 -380q-26 -190 -35 -200q-26 -31 -97 -37l-4 26q19 9 48 170l77 413q23 121 52.5 187.5t83.5 114.5q70 62 148 62q51 0 88.5 -34t37.5 -91z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,9.938,17.2)"><path id="x1D7CF" d="M441 24v-24h-373v24q75 2 96 20q22 19 22 85v378q0 70 -36 70q-26 0 -65 -16l-20 -8v26l251 109h18v-570q0 -57 19 -75q19 -17 88 -19z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,13.9,17.2)"><path id="x2D" d="M300 253l-14 -55h-229l14 55h229z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,16.162,17.2)"><path id="x1D7D2" d="M476 255v-111h-64v-144h-145v144h-248v113l313 431h80v-433h64zM60 255h208v294z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,22.112,17.2)"><path id="x1D7D0" d="M453 211h25l-46 -211h-415v23q97 102 151 166q42 49 81 110q51 78 51 148q0 56 -31.5 91.5t-87.5 35.5q-77 0 -122 -90h-28q67 204 223 204q82 0 132 -49.5t50 -133.5q0 -110 -114 -218l-162 -154h140q82 0 107 13q27 13 46 65z" /></g></svg> by Human Microglia

Hepatologists assay liver enzymes and cardiologists structural heart proteins in serum to diagnose and monitor their patients. This way of thinking has not quite made it into the memory clinics yet, in spite of the availability of validated cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for key pathological events in the brain in neurodegeneration. Here, we argue that a spinal tap should be considered in all patients who seek medical advice for memory problems and list the highly relevant clinical questions CSF analyses can address.

Henrik Zetterberg

Niklas Mattsson

Kaj Blennow

Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis Should Be Considered in Patients with Cognitive Problems

This study employed qualitative construct mapping and factor analysis to construct a scale to measure attitudes toward dementia. Five family caregivers, five professionals, and five college students participated in structured interviews. Qualitative analysis of the interviews led to a 
46-item scale, which was reduced to 20 items following principal axis factoring with two different samples: college students (<svg style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:56.262501px;" id="M1" height="10.9125" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 56.262501 10.9125" width="56.262501"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
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</svg>) and certified nursing assistant students 
(<svg style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:56.262501px;" id="M2" height="11.1" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 56.262501 11.1" width="56.262501"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
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</svg>). Confirmatory factor analysis was then conducted with another sample of college students (<svg style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:56.262501px;" id="M3" height="11.1" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 56.262501 11.1" width="56.262501"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
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		</g>
	</g>
</svg>). The final scale, titled the Dementia Attitudes Scale (DAS), essentially had a two-factor structure; the factors were labeled &#x201C;dementia knowledge&#x201D; and &#x201C;social comfort.&#x201D;  Total-scale Cronbach&#x27;s alphas ranged 0.83&#x2013;0.85. Evidence for convergent validity was promising, as the DAS correlated significantly with scales that measured ageism and attitudes toward disabilities (range of correlations = 0.44&#x2013;0.55; mean correlation <svg style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:42.525002px;" id="M4" height="11.1" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 42.525002 11.1" width="42.525002"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.1)">
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				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">=</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="12.027886" y="0">0</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="18.279387" y="0">.</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="21.405136" y="0">5</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="27.656635" y="0">0</tspan>
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		</g>
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</svg>). These findings demonstrate the reliability and validity of the DAS, supporting its use as a research tool.

Melissa L. O&#39;Connor

Susan H. McFadden

Development and Psychometric Validation of the Dementia Attitudes Scale

In Alzheimer's disease, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and tryptophan hydroxylase are known to induce an overproduction of neurotoxic compounds, such as quinolinic acid and 3-hydroxykynurenine from the former, and 5-hydroxytryptophol and 5-methoxytryptophol from the latter. Other compounds, such as kynurenic acid, serotonin, and melatonin are produced via the same pathways. An improved ELISA method identified circulating antibodies directed against these compounds, linked to proteins, as previously described for other chronic diseases. This describes how only the A isotype of circulating immunoglobulins recognized a pattern of conjugated tryptophan metabolites in the sera of Alzheimer patients. These data indirectly confirmed the involvement of tryptophan derivatives in the pathogenic processes of Alzheimer's disease. Further studies are required to evaluate the relevance of these antibody patterns in monitoring this disease.

S. Duleu

A. Mangas

F. Sevin

B. Veyret

A. Bessede

M. Geffard

Circulating Antibodies to IDO/THO Pathway Metabolites in Alzheimer's Disease

<i  >Introduction</i>. This study evaluates the progression of dementia and identifies prognostic risk factors for dementia. <i  >Methods</i>. A group of 80 Brazilian community residents with dementia (34 with Alzheimer&#x27;s disease and 46 with vascular dementia) was assessed over the course of 2 years. Data were analyzed with Cox regression survival analysis. <i  >Results</i>. The data showed that education predicted cognitive decline (<svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:63.3125px;" id="M1" height="11.375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 63.3125 11.375" width="63.3125"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.112)"><path id="x48" d="M729 650v-28q-62 -5 -76 -19.5t-14 -75.5v-404q0 -62 13.5 -76t75.5 -19v-28h-268v28q65 5 79.5 19t14.5 76v199h-341v-199q0 -62 14 -76t76 -19v-28h-263v28q61 5 74.5 19t13.5 76v404q0 62 -14 76t-76 19v28h259v-28q-58 -5 -71 -19t-13 -76v-162h341v162&#xA;q0 61 -13.5 75.5t-72.5 19.5v28h261z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,13.084,11.112)"><path id="x52" d="M631 18l-4 -26q-24 0 -35 1q-57 3 -92.5 23t-69.5 68q-21 30 -101 160q-13 22 -30.5 31t-54.5 9h-32v-159q0 -63 14 -77.5t74 -19.5v-28h-262v28q62 5 76 19.5t14 77.5v402q0 62 -13 76t-73 19v28h248q109 0 159 -34q67 -42 67 -131q0 -115 -127 -172q27 -52 89 -144&#xA;q49 -71 81 -104q31 -36 72 -47zM212 316h48q73 0 108 29q55 42 55 124q0 76 -42 112t-104 36q-41 0 -54 -10q-11 -7 -11 -44v-247z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,28.348,11.112)"><path id="x3D" d="M535 323h-483v50h483v-50zM535 138h-483v50h483v-50z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,43.052,11.112)"><path id="x31" d="M384 0h-275v27q67 5 81.5 18.5t14.5 68.5v385q0 38 -7.5 47.5t-40.5 10.5l-48 2v24q85 15 178 52v-521q0 -55 14.5 -68.5t82.5 -18.5v-27z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,51.212,11.112)"><path id="x2E" d="M113 -12q-24 0 -39.5 16t-15.5 42q0 24 16 40.5t40 16.5t40 -16.5t16 -40.5q0 -26 -16 -42t-41 -16z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,55.087,11.112)"><path id="x32" d="M412 140l28 -9q0 -2 -35 -131h-373v23q112 112 161 170q59 70 92 127t33 115q0 63 -31 98t-86 35q-75 0 -137 -93l-22 20l57 81q55 59 135 59q69 0 118.5 -46.5t49.5 -122.5q0 -62 -29.5 -114t-102.5 -130l-141 -149h186q42 0 58.5 10.5t38.5 56.5z" /></g>

		
	
</svg>; <svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:50.549999px;" id="M2" height="11.375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 50.549999 11.375" width="50.549999"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.112)"><path id="x1D443" d="M619 482q0 -69 -40.5 -119t-96 -72.5t-118.5 -26.5h-44l-70 20l-31 -151q-14 -67 0.5 -83t89.5 -22l-5 -28h-287l8 28q65 7 81.5 22t29.5 83l79 398q12 56 0.5 70.5t-78.5 20.5l7 28h255q108 0 164 -43t56 -125zM524 478q0 141 -146 141q-25 0 -47 -8q-16 -6 -20.5 -13.5&#xA;t-10.5 -39.5l-43 -241q37 -13 83 -13q67 0 125.5 45t58.5 129z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,15.582,11.112)"><path id="x3C" d="M512 -3l-437 233v51l437 233v-58l-378 -200v-2l378 -199v-58z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,30.286,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x2E"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,34.162,11.112)"><path id="x30" d="M241 635q53 0 94 -28.5t63.5 -76t33.5 -102.5t11 -116q0 -58 -11 -112.5t-34 -103.5t-63.5 -78.5t-94.5 -29.5t-95 28t-64.5 75t-34.5 102.5t-11 118.5q0 58 11.5 112.5t34.5 103t64.5 78t95.5 29.5zM238 602q-32 0 -55.5 -25t-35.5 -68t-17.5 -91t-5.5 -105&#xA;q0 -76 10 -138.5t37 -107.5t69 -45q32 0 55.5 25t35.5 68.5t17.5 91.5t5.5 105t-5.5 105.5t-18 92t-36 68t-56.5 24.5z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,42.321,11.112)"><path id="x35" d="M153 550l-26 -186q79 31 111 31q90 0 141.5 -51t51.5 -119q0 -93 -89 -166q-85 -69 -173 -71q-32 0 -61.5 11.5t-41.5 23.5q-18 17 -17 34q2 16 22 33q14 9 26 -1q61 -50 124 -50q60 0 93 43.5t33 104.5q0 69 -41.5 110t-121.5 41q-53 0 -102 -20l38 305h286l6 -8&#xA;l-26 -65h-233z" /></g>

		
	
</svg>) when analyzed without controlling for vascular risk factors. After the inclusion of vascular risk factors, education (<svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:71.474998px;" id="M3" height="11.375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 71.474998 11.375" width="71.474998"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x48"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,13.084,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x52"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,28.348,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x3D"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,43.052,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x31"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,51.212,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x2E"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,55.087,11.112)"><path id="x33" d="M285 378v-2q65 -13 102 -54.5t37 -97.5q0 -57 -30.5 -104.5t-74 -75t-85.5 -42t-72 -14.5q-31 0 -59.5 11t-40.5 23q-19 18 -16 36q1 16 23 33q13 10 24 0q58 -51 124 -51q55 0 88 40t33 112q0 64 -39 96.5t-88 32.5q-29 0 -64 -11l-6 29q77 25 118 57.5t41 84.5&#xA;q0 45 -26.5 69.5t-68.5 24.5q-67 0 -120 -79l-20 20l43 63q51 56 127 56h1q66 0 107 -37t41 -95q0 -42 -31 -71q-22 -23 -68 -54z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,63.247,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x32"/></g>

		
	
</svg>; <svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:50.549999px;" id="M4" height="11.375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 50.549999 11.375" width="50.549999"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x1D443"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,15.582,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x3C"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,30.286,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x2E"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,34.162,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x30"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,42.321,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x35"/></g>

		
	
</svg>) and hypertension were predictive for cognitive decline (<svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:59.4375px;" id="M5" height="11.375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 59.4375 11.375" width="59.4375"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x48"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,13.084,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x52"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,28.348,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x3D"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,43.052,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x33"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,51.212,11.112)"><path id="x38" d="M249 635q70 0 116 -43t46 -105q0 -46 -28 -80q-22 -25 -80 -64q62 -35 97 -75t35 -99q0 -81 -63 -131t-135 -50q-83 0 -137.5 45.5t-54.5 123.5q0 52 45 95q29 28 89 64q-109 62 -109 155q0 66 50.5 115t128.5 49zM238 603q-42 0 -67.5 -31t-25.5 -72q0 -50 32.5 -79.5&#xA;t98.5 -62.5q61 48 61 124q0 59 -29.5 90t-69.5 31zM248 20q46 0 76.5 33.5t30.5 89.5q0 50 -39 85.5t-110 71.5q-81 -54 -81 -137q0 -67 35.5 -105t87.5 -38z" /></g>

		
	
</svg>; <svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:50.549999px;" id="M6" height="11.375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 50.549999 11.375" width="50.549999"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x1D443"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,15.582,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x3C"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,30.286,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x2E"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,34.162,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x30"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,42.321,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x35"/></g>

		
	
</svg>), and Alzheimer&#x27;s disease diagnosis was borderline predictive (<svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:58.712502px;" id="M7" height="11.375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 58.712502 11.375" width="58.712502"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x1D443"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,15.582,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x3D"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,30.286,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x2E"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,34.162,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x30"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,42.321,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x35"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,50.481,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x35"/></g>

		
	
</svg>). <i  >Conclusion.</i> Vascular risk factors interacted with the diagnosis of vascular dementia. Education was a strong predictor of decline.

Márcia L. Chaves

Ana L. Camozzato

Cristiano Köhler

Jeffrey Kaye

Predictors of the Progression of Dementia Severity in Brazilian Patients with Alzheimer's Disease and Vascular Dementia

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<p><em>International Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease</em> publishes original research articles and&nbsp;review articles in all areas of Alzheimer's disease.</p>


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International Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease | Hindawi

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International Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease publishes original research articles and review articles in all areas of Alzheimer's disease.

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International Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease

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International Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease