Preliminary Thermal Design and Analysis of Lunar Lander for Night Survival

Table 1

Thermal environment conditions on the lunar surface [8].

Parameter			Daytime	Nighttime
Solar flux (W/m^2)			1414 (subsolar peak)	0
Albedo [21]			0.076–0.297	0
Planetary IR flux (W/m^2)			1314 (subsolar peak)	5.2
Imposed heat flow (W/m^2) [22]			0.031
Lunar surface temperature (°C) [20]	Equator (0°)		117	−178
	Pole (89°)	Summer	−93	−145
		Winter	−235