Abstract
A novel electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) antenna has been designed, optimized, and analyzed using an efficient electromagnetic solver based on the moment method. Very good agreement between simulations and measurements in anechoic chamber has been obtained. Comparisons of the antenna with and without the EBG structure have been conducted to study its influence in terms of gain. This new EBG antenna is an excellent candidate for several applications due to its high gain and good polarization purity.
1. Introduction
Recently, several applications of EBG materials, such as microwave filters, antennas, amplifiers, microstrip devices, ground plane structures, and base station antennas have been reported in the literature. For instance, EBG material has been shown to enhance the directivity of a patch antenna from 8 dB to 20 dB [1]. The work presented in [2] described a method to design directive antennas by incorporating cylindrical EBG structures. On the other hand, [3] presents a resonator antenna that increases its gain and bandwidth with an EBG structure over the device. It has also been demonstrated [4] that the EBG materials are able to provide good results while reducing the size of some kinds of filters. The work presented in [5] summarizes the benefits of using EBG materials to improve the performance of microwave and optical applications. Some experimental results are discussed to check the properties of these materials. According to [6], an increase in directivity can be obtained by adding a partially reflecting sheet in front of the antenna because of the multiple reflections between the sheet and the screen. The resonance distance between both elements must be such that the rays projected through the sheet have equal phases in the normal direction. Our contribution is focused on that investigation line. Numerical results demonstrate an improvement in gain, bandwidth, and polarization purity when comparing several antenna configurations varying the distances between both grids. The aim of this paper is to design a compact EBG antenna that provides a gain greater than 15.0 dBi and polarization purity greater than 40 dB while maintaining a very small size. To fulfill these requirements, the dimensions of the antenna were optimized by using a powerful electromagnetic solver.
The paper is organized as follows. Section 2 presents the main characteristics of the electromagnetic field solver that has been used to design, optimize, and analyse the proposed antenna. The steps of the optimization process that have been conducted to find the optimum dimensions of the antenna are listed in Section 3. Section 4 describes the properties of the EBG antenna as well as the design and analysis procedure. Section 5 includes the comparisons between predictions and measurements and Section 6 contains the concluding remarks and future work.
2. Electromagnetic Kernel
In recent years, interest in computer simulation tools has grown rapidly. Many people in academia and industry are currently involved in the research and development of new methods to accelerate or improve the conventional electromagnetic field solvers. The applications of this kind of systems are unlimited (design of microwave devices, analysis of antennas, radomes, reflectarrays, electromagnetic compatibility, etc.) and they can be used not only in engineering, but also in other scopes like medicine [7]. On the other hand, researchers may take advantage of the parallel versions due to the new power characteristics of actual computers such as high speed and enormous amount of memory.
Nowadays, many commercial suites similar to the computer tool utilized to perform the simulations like Feko, CST, and HFSS are available. However, none of them takes into account the real shape of the bodies under analysis. This is because the meshing procedure is based on flat facets (triangles or quadrangles), so that small geometrical details can be lost. One of the advantages of our solver is that the discretized geometry totally fits the original shape of the structure, because it is composed of curved parametric surfaces. As a result, it provides accurate predictions of arbitrary metallic or dielectric 3D structures at low and high frequencies [8].
As previously mentioned, the electromagnetic kernel is based on the moment method [9] and can solve the electrical field integral equation, the magnetic field integral equation and the combined field integral equation. The electromagnetic treatment considers curved rooftop functions that serve as low-level basis and testing functions. Both functions are defined over a parametric domain, which is very well suited for setting up an adaptive mesh, without the need for external meshing tools. Other important advantage of using these functions is that their direct placement on parametric surfaces totally eliminates the error introduced when using plane facets in the discretization process.
To verify the efficiency of the tool, some comparisons with Feko have been conducted. The conclusion obtained is that Feko is usually three times slower than our electromagnetic solver. A pyramidal horn analysis problem at 10 GHz can be used as a benchmark example to demonstrate the efficiency of the solver. Whilst the simulation in Feko spends 183 seconds solving the matrix with LU decomposition and 7378 unknowns, our computer tool only spends 84 seconds solving the same problem with an iterative method and 2205 unknowns.
Due to the fact that conventional moment method spends lots of resources when the structure under analysis is electrically large, the multilevel fast multipole algorithm (MLFMA) [10] has been included in the electromagnetic kernel to improve the efficiency in those cases. MLFMA only requires the storage of the near-field terms of the coupling matrix, so that it decreases the CPU-time of the matrix-vector products in the solution process, allowing the analysis of problems of sizes of thousands of wavelengths. The computational complexity is therefore reduced from O(N2) to O(N log N). The benefit of applying this method is a dramatic reduction of memory and time resources needed for simulation of electrically large structures.
The kernel also includes a hybrid computational technique based on the moment method and physic optics [11] for analysis of large antennas and scatters at high frequencies. A combination of asymptotic and rigorous techniques is the ideal solution when a large body is too hard to analyze with the MLFMA. The inclusion of physic optics helps to reduce the computation time and memory requirements with respect to the conventional moment methods when analysing huge bodies at high frequencies.
On the other hand, a domain decomposition approach [12] has been incorporated to obtain similar results to those given by the moment method, highly reducing the computational effort by taking advantage of the MLFMA method combined with an iterative technique used to compute interactions between different parts of the geometry in a totally adaptive fashion. The domain decomposition approach entails a simple way to deal with a good number of realistic problems which due to convergence or size limitations cannot be handled by conventional rigorous solvers, but are not included in the field of application of high-frequency techniques either. These geometries can include structures containing fine details, multiscale problems, interactions with cavities, and so forth.
Lately, the use of computer clusters to perform electromagnetic analysis of many realistic problems in researching centers is quite common. For this purpose, the kernel has been parallelized using the message passing interface paradigm [13], a specification for an API used to program parallel computers. The goals of this paradigm are high performance, scalability, and portability. The computer tool is compatible with any modern Windows PC or Linux-based machine and there are also versions available for other operating systems and platforms, including highly parallelized versions for multiprocessor computers or clusters.
3. Optimization Process
One of the most important features of the solver is the optimization process [14, 15]. This module computes the optimal geometric values of a number of parameters previously indicated by the user (width, radius, height, antenna location, etc.). The process allows the optimization of radiation patterns and it is based on several specifications set out initially by means of a cost function. Thus, the shape of the radiation pattern can be defined in terms of gain, level of side lobes, level of the crosspolar component, and so forth. The selected parameters vary within a known range, in order to find the optimal solution that minimizes this cost function.
The process begins by analyzing a particular structure, defined by initial parameters. At the end of the simulation, results are processed and the cost function is evaluated. If all requirements are satisfied, the values of the parameters that have provided such results are given as the optimum parameters. If any specification is not satisfied, the geometry is updated with new parameters and a new simulation is performed, repeating the whole process. The optimization procedure finishes when the optimizer minimizes the specified cost function. Figure 1 depicts a diagram of the whole process.
Regarding the optimization algorithm, there exist three different methods that can be selected. The first one is based on an exhaustive search, since each parameter is updated with values taken from a homogeneous grid. gradient descend and particle swarm optimization are two popular algorithms that have been also included in the optimization module. Successful results have been achieved in the optimization of several antenna dimensions when applying these algorithms.
4. EBG Antenna
In order to design a compact EBG antenna that provides high gain, polarization purity, and wide bandwidth, the dimensions were optimized by using the optimization module. After obtaining the optimum dimensions, a prototype made of aluminum was built and measured.
The antenna configuration is depicted in Figure 2. The antenna model is defined by a long metallic cylinder with a 13.9 mm radius and 113.1 mm length, a short metallic cylinder with a 16.85 mm radius and 12.5 mm length, a circular ground plane with a 56.50 mm radius and the EBG structure, composed of two circular metal grids with the same radius size. An electric dipole located at λ/4 from the bottom of the circular waveguide has been used to model the feeding of the waveguide in the simulations. The dipole is oriented in the -axis parallel to the bottom of the waveguide.
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Each grid is composed of a metallic sheet with twenty-one square holes. Figure 3 shows the top view of the circular grids. The distance between the ground plane and the first metallic grid was established to prevent cavity resonances at the operating frequency whereas the distance between the two metallic grids was set to obtain the classical EBG mode that permits an efficient antenna performance.
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The first step in the design process was choosing the unit cell shape of the periodic structure. Some candidates were studied, such as rectangles, triangles, circles, rhombs, and crosses. After an exhaustive study, the square hole was chosen because of its simplicity and its good response. The next point was the optimization of the structure dimensions at a central frequency of 9 GHz. Several geometrical parameters (the distance between adjacent holes, the size of the holes, the number of holes, etc.) were optimized. After the analysis of the position of the periodic structures, the final conclusion is that the upper grid must be located 17.5 mm from the ground plane and the lower grid must be situated 3.5 mm from the ground plane. Those are the optimum physical dimensions to achieve the desirable radiation characteristics of high gain and low cross-polarization level. The remaining geometrical parameters related to the waveguide were fixed.
Regarding the resonance distances between the grids, the height of the lower grid from the ground plane was optimized within the range from 3 mm to 7.5 mm and the height of the upper grid from the ground plane was optimized within the range from 9 to 18 mm. The optimization algorithm utilized to obtain the best values for both parameters was gradient descend and the optimization mask was defined to obtain low cross-polar level and high gain, according to the optimization goals in Table 1.
5. Results
The antenna prototype was measured in an anechoic chamber. Figure 4 depicts a photograph of the built antenna. The antenna was made of aluminum and weighed nearly 400 g. The pair of metallic grids was kept fixed by four plastic screws. The screws crossed the ground plane and kept the three different parts together. The antenna was fed through a coaxial-rectangular transition plus a rectangular to circular waveguide transition to radiate linear polarization. Figure 5 shows the antenna located in the anechoic chamber.
Figures 6 and 7 show comparisons between the measurements and the simulated values for the two main radiation cuts at 9 GHz.
The EBG antenna provides the maximum radiation in the axial direction. Good agreement between real measurements and computations was shown. The slight discrepancies between measurements and simulation values may be due to unwanted effects as well as nonidealities introduced by the four screws and the manufacturing errors. Moreover, the cross-polarization level in the E and H plane cuts is below −40 dB.
The maximum level of the gain is 15.6 dBi, given at theta = 0° and phi = 0°. Figures 8 and 9 show the comparison between measurements and simulations of the gain for the E and H planes at 9 GHz.
Besides providing 2D Cartesian plots, the electromagnetic solver is able to display the 3D radiation pattern, as well as the current distribution, as it can be observed in Figures 10 and 11.
Regarding the near field results, simulations and measurements have been conducted to compare the antenna behavior in a plane located 12 cm over the top of the antenna. A grid of observation points has been established to compute and measure the near field values. Note that the distance between two consecutive points is 1 cm. Therefore, the limits of the exploration area are −25 cm and 25 cm in both axes, x and . Figure 12 shows the spatial configuration and the results provided by the computer tool. On the other hand, Figure 13 depicts the contour lines of the near field values measured in the anechoic chamber (on the left), and the simulated values (on the right). Units are in dBs.
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To verify the behavior of the EBG structure, several simulations were made to compare the results when the height of the cases were studied fixing the upper grid position at 17.5 mm and changing the lower grid position at h1 = 4.3 mm, h2 = 5.1 mm, h3 = 5.9 mm, h4 = 6.7 mm, and h5 = 7.5 mm. A decrease in gain was proven when the height of the lower grid increases, in other words, when both grids are closer.
The comparison between the gain of the simple waveguide and the gain adding the EBG structure is shown in Figures 14 and 15 for the two main cuts. This comparison ensures that the effect of including the grids is a relevant enhancement in gain.
6. Conclusions
The design, optimization, and analysis of a compact EBG antenna operating at 9 GHz have been presented in this paper. A powerful computer tool has been used to carry out those three processes. The antenna has been built and measured in order to validate the predictions provided by the electromagnetic solver. We have demonstrated that the effect of including the EBG structure is an enhancement in gain. The antenna is a good candidate for several applications due to its relatively high gain, excellent polarization purity, and compact size.
Acknowledgment
This paper has been supported, in part, by the Comunidad de Madrid Project S-2009/TIC1485 and by the Castilla-La Mancha Project PPII10-0192-0083, by the Spanish Department of Science, Technology Projects TEC 2010–15706 and CONSOLIDER-INGENIO No. CSD-2008-0068.