Abstract
The indoor visible light propagation characteristics are simulated and analyzed using the method of SBR/Image (shooting and bounding ray tracing/Image). A good agreement is achieved between the results simulated and the results given in published literature. So the correctness of the method has been validated. Some propagation parameters are obtained in the simulation, such as the indoor received power distribution, statistical distribution of phase angle of received power, RMS (root mean square) delay spread, direction of arrival, and Doppler shift. The foundation for the wireless network coverage of indoor visible light communication system is provided by the analysis of the above results.
1. Introduction
Recently, VLC (visible light communication) has been an emerging wireless optical communication technology. LED (light emitting diode) is used in wireless base stations instead of antenna in the visible light communication system and the communication speed is up to several megabits per second. It is well known that electromagnetic interference can cause disastrous consequences in some special areas, such as space stations, airplanes, and hospitals. So the radio products are not allowed to use these particular environments. The visible light does not cause electromagnetic interference for its high frequency; thus, visible light communication technology has broad application prospects. Visible light communication theory is firstly proposed in [1]. The prototype of visible light communication technology has been presented in 1999. Since 2000, Japan and other countries have been aware of the importance of visible light communication technology. And the indoor visible communication technology has been mainly researched. In 2000, the wireless optical communication system for wireless home link has been proposed in [2]. It has been found that the system can be used in most part of the indoor room when the data rate is 10 Mbps. In 2002, the performance characteristics of visible light communication system in the effect of the multipath due to the reflection have been analyzed and the effectiveness of the system has been shown in [3]. After 2005, the shadowing effect caused by pedestrians in the VLC has been studied in [4]. And it is shown that the system with the optimal number of the LED lighting is robust against shadowing [5]. In 2006, the intensity modulation using OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) has been investigated [6]. The results have indicated that it is possible to cover a distance of up to one meter using a single LED. In 2007, the COFDM (coded OFDM) with QPSK (quadrature phase shift keying) modulation for the VLC has been studied in [7]. BER (bit error rate) of 2 × 10−5 is achieved for a distance of 90 cm between transmitter and receiver. In 2008, the efficient bandwidth of indoor optical wireless communications has been studied in [8]. It is demonstrated that data rate of 101 Mbit/s has been achieved in experimental investigations. An example of VLC is shown in Figure 1.
Light is an electromagnetic wave, so the propagation characteristics of visible light can be researched by the methods of studying electromagnetic wave. It is particularly important to study the propagation characteristics of visible light in the indoor environment, because VLC is mainly used in office, laboratory, and so on. Wavelength of visible light is in the range of 380 nm–780 nm, and the frequency is up to terahertz. The indoor propagation characteristics of visible light can be predicted by ray tracing methods. Ray tracing method includes image method, minimum optical path method, test-ray method, shooting and bounding ray tracing method, deterministic ray tube method, and shooting and bounding ray tracing/image method (SBR/Image). The image method [9, 10] is a simple ray tracing method because it does not need to do the intersection test. But it can only be applied to the simple structure of the environment. The minimum optical path method [11] is essentially the same as the traditional image method. And the minimum optical path to determine the location of the reflection point is used. It also cannot be applied to the complex environment. The test ray method [12] does not need to determine the location of the receiving points in advance, but they are needed to make receiving ball. It can be applied to the complex environment, but the prediction accuracy of this method is affected by the radius of receiving ball. So the calculated efficiency is not high. The shooting and bounding ray tracing method [13] does not need receiving ball, but this method takes up a lot of computer resources. The deterministic ray tube method [14] saves computer resources, but it needs to create a ray tree based on the actual environment, and it is complex. The shooting and bounding ray tracing/image method [15, 16] can be used for any complex propagation environment, and all the radio wave propagation paths from the transmitter to the receiver with high accuracy and computational efficiency can be found. So this method is a valuable method which can be used to predict the radio wave propagation. In this paper, the indoor visible light propagation characteristics are simulated based on the shooting and bounding ray tracing/image method.
2. The Realization of SBR/Image
2.1. Indoor Structure Representation
After the indoor building structure is simplified, the geometry data and the form data of each plane can be recorded while every face is given a unique identifier to represent the plane. Then data is entered into the database in accordance with the prescribed format, and the appropriate priority list will be established.
2.2. Wavefront Ball Generation
The radio beams are radiated from the transmitting antenna form many ray tubes. The wavefront ball should be divided to generate the ray tubes, and the shape and size of each wavefront are similar. The shape of wavefront can be an equilateral triangle, quadrilateral, or hexagonal. In this paper, the commonly method is used to divide the wavefront ball. A regular icosahedron in the interior of wavefront ball is shown in Figure 2, and twelve vertex coordinates of the regular icosahedron can be calculated [17, 18].
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2.3. The Establishment of the Emitted Ray Tubes
The tetrahedral ray tube with section of equilateral triangle is shown in Figure 3. The coordinate of the emission point source is , and the coordinate of the point of receiver is . The radius of wavefront ball is , and twelve vertex coordinates of the regular icosahedron are ().
2.4. Intersection Test
Figure 4 shows the model of intersection test. Assuming that the starting point and the end point are, respectively, denoted by and , the arbitrary point in space will be . The unit normal vector of plane which is defined as is , and the distance of the plane from the origin of coordinate is . If the vector of ray is satisfied with the equation , the ray is parallel to the plane. If the vector of ray is satisfied with the equation and , the ray is in the plane, so the ray and the plane have an infinite number of the intersections. If the vector of ray is satisfied with the equation , the ray and the plane have only an intersection, and the ray parameter () at the intersection is . If the ray parameter is satisfied with the range , the ray and the plane are intersected at the point between the two end points of the ray, and the vector of intersection is satisfied with the equation [17].
2.5. The Determination of Reflected Ray Tubes
The image source point can be located using the image method, and three intersection points of three rays of the emitted ray tube and plane can be determined. So the reflected ray tubes will be obtained by the four points.
2.6. The Calculation of Received Field
The received field is the vector sum of the ray tubes filed which can reach the receiving point.(1)The calculation formula of the direct field is . is the electric filed value of ray tube in the reference position and is the wave number. is the actual propagation distance when the ray tube reaches received point .(2)The calculation formula of the reflected field is . is the dyad of the reflection coefficient: is the dyad of the transmission coefficient: , , and . is the change of phase relative to the reference position and the is the change of attenuation relative to the reference position.
3. Numerical Results
A room environment appeared in the literature [19] is chosen for our simulation. This room with dimensions 5 m × 5 m × 2.5 m is shown in Figure 5, in which its ceiling, floor, and walls are all made of a pure dielectric with [20]. The LED lightings are installed at a height of 2.5 m from the floor. The number of the LED lighting equipments is 4, and each LED lighting equipment is filled with 3600 () LEDs. The semiangle at half-power of an LED is 60 deg, and the transmitted optical power of an LED is 20 mW. The height of receiving plane is 0.85 m.
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3.1. Correctness Verification
The received power in the literature [19] varies between −3.85 dBm and 6.22 dBm as shown in Figure 6(a). And the simulated result varies between −3.36 dBm and 7.46 dBm as shown in Figure 6(b). Moreover, the comparison of received power distribution between simulated result and measured result in the literature [19] shows a good agreement as indicated in Figure 6. So the correctness of SBR/Image has been validated. The following is the reasons for the subtle difference between the simulated result and result in literature. (1) The electromagnetic characteristics between the simulation and actual material are different. (2) The number of received points in literature is less than that in this simulation.
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3.2. The Distribution of Indoor Received Power
The statistical distribution of phase angle of received power which obeys uniform distribution is demonstrated in Figure 7. The received power rate of each path (direct path, single reflected path, double reflected path, and trinal reflected path) is shown in Table 1. The received power rate of the double reflected path and the trinal reflected path is small enough compared with the direct path and the single reflected path.
3.3. The Root Mean Square (RMS) Delay Spread
The RMS delay spread of visible light in an indoor environment is given in Figure 8. The RMS delay spread is the second moment of power delay profile, and it is defined as where is the average time of arrival, and it is defined as . is the received power of the th path. is the total of received power. The RMS delay spread is a better measurement for the spread of multipath, and it varies in the level of ns.
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In this paper, the RMS delay spread of visible light varies between 3.8 ns and 5.3 ns as shown in Figure 8. The worst RMS delay spread occurs at the edge of the room, and the least RMS delay spread occurs at the place where it is just below the LED. This is because when the receiver point is just below the LED, there are almost only reflected paths from surface of the floor and ceiling besides the direct path. The RMS delay spread of visible light is small compared with the typical wireless communications bands such as 900 MHz and 2.4 GHz.
3.4. The Direction of Arrival
The direction of arrival which is defined as can be obtained.
Figure 9 shows the mean angle of arrival of all the received points. The is defined as , and the is defined as (). The mean angle of arrival () varies between 63° and 77°. The mean angle of arrival () varies between 20° and 350°.
| (a) Mean angle of arrival |
| (b) Mean angle of arrival |
3.5. Doppler Shift
The formula of Doppler shift is . So each path will cause Doppler shift if the transmitter or the receiver is moving fast. The effect of Doppler shift must be considered. So Doppler shift can be determined (assuming that the transmitter is fixed and the speed of receiver is 1 m/s). The Doppler shift varies between −1.3 MHz and 1.3 MHz as shown in Figure 10. This simulation environment is similar to indoor mobile communication environment, so the theoretical foundation for the indoor coverage of visible light communication system is provided by the range of Doppler shift in this simulation.
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4. Conclusions
In this paper, the indoor visible light propagation characteristics are simulated and analyzed by using the method of SBR/Image. And a good agreement is acquired in the comparison between simulated results and results given in some published literatures, so the correctness of the method has been validated. The received power rate of double reflected path and the trinal reflected path is small enough compared with the direct path and the single reflected path. And the statistical distribution of phase angle of received power is subject to the uniform distribution. The RMS delay spread of indoor visible light varies between 3.8 ns and 5.3 ns in this simulation which is small compared with the typical wireless communications bands such as 900 MHz and 2.4 GHz. Assuming that the transmitter is fixed and the speed of receiver is 1 m/s, the Doppler shift will vary between −1.3 MHz and 1.3 MHz which is large compared with the typical wireless communication bands. The foundation for the wireless network coverage of indoor visible light communication system is provided by the analysis of the above results. This simulation environment is almost an empty room. However, the actual indoor environment is usually not so simple for the simulation. Further research of indoor visible light propagation characteristics based on SBR/Image in complex indoor environments would be required, which is our next research direction.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
Acknowledgments
This work has been supported by the National Natural Science Fund under Grant no. 61372045 and by the Ministry of Education of Higher Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program under Grant no. 20123223120003.