An Efficient Full-Wave Electromagnetic Analysis for Capacitive Body-Coupled Communication

Table 1

Summary and comparison of the reviewed literature concerning the modeling of capacitive BCC channel.

Literature review [reference]	BCC propagation; model	Coverage of modeling aspects			Model covering different scenarios			Cosimulation; model/circuit provision	Computational; efficiency
		Coupler sizes/types	Body tissues physiology	Environment	Body positions	Frequency (1 to 60 MHz)	Tx/Rx distance 50 cm
[4, 5]	Equivalent circuit	Fixed size [4], no [5]/no	No [4], phantom [5]	No	No	No [4], 10 to 60 MHz [5]	No [4], yes [5]	Yes	Yes
[7–9]	RC estimate MOM/FDTD	No/yes [7], no	No, muscle equivalent [9]	No	No	No	No	Yes	Partial
[6]	Analytical (curve-fitting)	Infinitesimal dipole/no	Skin-only	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes
[10]	FEM quasi-electrostatic	Fixed size/no	Skin-only	No	Yes	No	No	Not mentioned	Partial
[11]	FDTD	Fixed size/no	Muscle equivalent	Yes	No	No	No	Not mentioned	Partial
This work	Efficient full-wave EM	Variable size/yes	Stratified & skin-only	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes (-matrix)	Partial

Full-wave EM is a numerical technique, computatively intensive; however, an approach of making it efficient yet accurate is presented.