Abstract
Mathematical modelling of the behavior of the radio propagation at mmWave bands is crucial to the development of transmission and reception algorithms of new 5G systems. In this study we will model 5G propagation in nondeterministic line-of-sight (LOS) conditions, when the random nature of LOS component ratio will be observed as Inverse Gamma (IG) distributed process. Closed-form expressions will be presented for the probability density function (PDF) and cumulative distribution function (CDF) of such random process. Further, closed-form expressions will be provided for important performance measures such as level crossing rate (LCR) and average fade duration (AFD). Capitalizing on proposed expressions, LCR and AFD will be discussed in the function of transmission parameters.
1. Introduction
Keeping pace with the insatiable demand of wireless data transmission growth has resulted in occurrence of novel 5G technologies that can offer significant increase in cellular capacity and overcoming of the wireless spectrum shortage [1, 2]. Consequently, research on modelling channel propagation characteristics for wireless 5G networks in urban environments at mmWave bands carrier frequencies has been intense recently [3–6].
Stochastic channel models for mmWave communications in both indoor and outdoor environments have been mostly characterized with a Rician distribution in line-of-sight (LOS) environments where a dominant path is present and with Rayleigh distribution for NLOS environment scenarios [7]. In [7], it has been shown that the voltage path amplitudes are following a Rician distribution, with -factor ranging within defined set of values for observed (LOS) and (NLOS) conditions in vertical-to-vertical (V-V) copolarized antenna scenario and corresponding set of values for observed (LOS) and (NLOS) conditions vertical-to-horizontal (V-H) cross-polarized antenna scenario.
However, despite the fact shown in [7] that Rician distribution provides the best fit to the measurement data, results of [7] imply that conventional fading models often fall short in accurately modelling the random fluctuations of 5G wireless channel signal. In [8], it has been concluded that, for accurate 5G systems channel modelling, proposed model should ensure that the channel LOS and NLOS states, the second-order statistics of the channel, and the channel realizations should change smoothly in the function of time, antenna position, and/or frequency. Ricean -factor has already been observed as a random variable with determined PDF over the distance in 5G communication in [9]. The Ricean -factor, ratio of powers dominant and scatter components, has been already treated as log-normal random process in [10], but for the narrow-band fixed wireless channels. In [11] it has been shown that log-normal random process, in the mathematical form which is hard for analytically tracking wireless performances, could be efficiently approximated with slowly varying Inverse Gamma (IG) distributed random process.
In this paper we will obtain novel characterization of propagation in LOS conditions, by observing Ricean -factor as Inverse Gamma (IG) distributed random process. Standard first-order statistical characterization for this model will be determined; that is, probability density function (PDF) and cumulative distribution function (CDF) of random envelope process will be obtained in closed representation that is convenient to handle both analytically and numerically. Further, important second-order statistical measures as level crossing rate (LCR) and average fade duration (AFD) will be presented in closed form. Capitalizing on their performances of proposed channel will be discussed in function of the system parameters.
2. System Model
Rician distributed random process with conditional PDF, conditioned over Ricean -factor, which is observed as random variable, can be expressed as [12]where denotes the modified Bessel function of the first kind and zero order [12, Eq. ], and is defined as , being average signal power.
In [11, 13], it has been shown that the PDF of the Inverse Gamma random variable can be expressed aswhere is the Gamma function [12, Eq. ], is the shape parameter, and is scale parameter.
Now, novel random process envelope PDF can now be obtained by averaging over IG distributed process of -factor change asNow after substituting (2) into (3), by performing some mathematical transformations with respect to [12, Equation ], we obtain closed-form expression:where denotes the modified Bessel function of the second kind and th order. Infinite-series from above rapidly converge with only 10–15 terms needed to be summed in each sum in order to achieve accuracy at 5th significant digit.
In Figure 1, PDF of process is shown for some combination of system parameter values.
Now, by taking into account IG modelled randomness of LOS component, corresponding CDF could be obtained asAfter changing integration order, previous relation reduces towhere stands for the incomplete Gamma function [12, Equation ]. Further, with respect to [12, Equation ], we can obtain closed-form expression:Similarly, as in (4), infinite-series from above rapidly converge with only 10–15 terms needed to be summed in each sum in order to achieve accuracy at 5th significant digit.
The average LCR at the determined threshold is defined as the rate at which the envelope ratio crosses the threshold in a positive or a negative direction and is analytically defined by [14]where joint probability density function (JPDF) of the observed random process, , and its derivative with respect to time, , denoted by , can be evaluated aswith being JPDF conditioned over random LOS component which is IG distributed.
Conditioned JPDF of the observed random process and its derivative with respect to time can be further presented aswheresince for Rician fading channels and is the maximum Doppler frequency [15].
After substituting (9), (10), and (11) into (8), expression for average LCR can be presented in the form of which after changing order of integration reduces toNow by substituting (1) and (2) into (13) with respect to [12, Equation ], we can obtain closed-form LCR expression asInfinite-series from above rapidly converge with only 10–15 terms needed to be summed in each sum in order to achieve accuracy at 5th significant digit.
3. Numerical Results
After introducing as , LCR expression can be given in the form of Figure 2 illustrates the LCR, normalized to in the function of parameters and . As expected, the presence of a stronger LOS component generally causes lower LCR values, while higher values of severity parameters provide smaller LCR values.
Average time during (AFD) defines time in which the envelope ratio remains below the specified threshold after crossing that level in a downward direction [14]. AFD can be determined asAfter substituting (14) and (7) into (16) AFD of observed process can be efficiently evaluated. In Figure 3, AFD values are presented, normalized to in the function of parameters and . As expected, higher values of severity parameters provide smaller AFD values.
4. Conclusion
Change of Rician -factor as random IG process in LOS conditioned 5G wireless communications has been considered in this paper, instead of considering Rician -factor as a deterministic variable with constant value defined by 5G communication system properties. Rapidly converging closed-form expressions have been derived for the PDF and CDF of observed propagation signal. Further, based on these expressions, LCR and AFD have been efficiently evaluated and analyzed for observed case in the function of system parameters.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
Acknowledgments
This research was partly funded by Project TR 32023 of Ministry of Science, Serbia.