Abstract
Hybrid robust optimization that combines a genetical swarm optimization (GSO) scheme with an orthogonal array (OA) is proposed to design an antenna robust to the tolerances arising during the fabrication process of the antenna in this paper. An inverted-F antenna with a metal frame serves as an example to explain the procedure of the proposed method. GSO is adapted to determine the design variables of the antenna, which operates on the GSM850 band (824–894 MHz). The robustness of the antenna is evaluated through a noise test using the OA. The robustness of the optimized antenna is improved by approximately 61.3% relative to that of a conventional antenna. Conventional and optimized antennas are fabricated and measured to validate the experimental results.
1. Introduction
Recently, as the interest in smartphones has increased in the mobile communication market, metal frames are becoming widely used to provide the consumer with a stylish and luxurious exterior for their devices. However, when the metal frame is near the antenna in a smartphone, it causes undesired coupling effects which degrade the antenna performance [1]. The performance can also be deteriorated due to the tolerances arising during the manufacturing process of an antenna. Therefore, noise factors such as tolerance levels should be considered in the design of an antenna. Taguchi’s method (TM) is a well-known technique which can be used to find a robustly optimized condition against such noise factors [2]. Moreover, a method which is realized on the basis of an orthogonal array (OA) can dramatically reduce the time required to design the antenna [3]. However, it is very difficult to find a global optimum using only TM because an OA consists of a limited number and limited level sizes of design variables [4]. In order to resolve the drawbacks of TM, hybrid methods have been introduced [5–7]. In one study [5], a hybrid method which combined TM with an evolution strategy (ES) was proposed. The ES is used to determine the geometry of the antenna, which operates at around 920 MHz. Subsequently, based on the result acquired from the ES, a robust antenna configuration is obtained by TM. TM with a genetic algorithm (GA) or particle swarm optimization (PSO) was also investigated in schemes where robust genes or particles were selected and utilized [6, 7].
In the present paper, a hybrid robust optimization (HRO) which combines genetical swarm optimization (GSO) with an OA is proposed. The standard TM is inefficient when used with an extensive search boundary because it considers only limited cases. To overcome this drawback, the GSO algorithm is used instead of OA to obtain a new combination of design parameters in the proposed method. GSO as used here is developed based on PSO, and randomly chosen parts of the population evolve with a GA during each iteration. Accordingly, GSO is less likely to fall to the local optimum and its convergence speed is also faster than those of the GA and PSO methods [8]. Besides, the total number of experiments is reduced because an OA is used for noise testing. An inverted-F antenna (IFA) with a metal frame [9–11] is employed as an example to explain the procedure of the proposed method. The geometry of the IFA is illustrated in Section 2. The procedure of the HRO is described in detail in Section 3. The robust optimization result is depicted in Section 4. The experimental results are demonstrated in Section 5.
2. Geometry
In general, the main antenna in a smartphone is positioned at the bottom, as shown in Figure 1(a). Figure 1(b) shows the detailed configuration of the main antenna in this case, which operates as an IFA. The antenna is aligned with the protruding L-shaped and inverted L-shaped metal frame. A rectangular hole in the antenna exists for the universal serial bus connector. and denote the left and right gaps between the antenna and the metal frame, respectively. The length of the antenna is defined as l1, and that of the tail of the antenna is denoted by l2. and are widths of the short and feed posts, respectively. The distances from the edge of the protruding L-shaped metal frame to the left edge of the short post and to that of the feed post are correspondingly represented by d1 and d2. h1 is the height of the antenna. The dimensions of the conventional main antenna are as follows: l1 = 48.2 mm, l2 = 2 mm, d1 = 4.4 mm, d2 = 13.8 mm, and h1 = 6.9 mm.
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3. Hybrid Robust Optimization
Figure 2 shows a flow chart of the proposed HRO. This method is conducted on the basis of GSO, and the robustness of the antenna is evaluated through the OA matrix. The detailed procedure for the HRO is given below: (1)Randomly initialize the design variables within the range given in Table 1.(2)Simulate the initial antenna using ANSYS high-frequency structure simulation (HFSS) software, and evaluate the cost function of the antenna. The cost function is defined such that the −6 dB reflection bandwidth of the antenna covers the GSM850 (824–894 MHz) band, where where is ith sampling frequency within the GSM850 band, is reflection coefficient at each sampling frequency, and is the number of sampling frequencies. In this paper, is set to 71.(3)Update the design variables according to the updating rule of GSO. Figure 3 shows a flowchart of the updating rule of GSO. In this paper, GSO with a hybridization coefficient of 0.2 is realized. Specifically, 20% of the design variables are optimized by the GA while the others are optimized by the PSO. The optimization performance is usually dependent on the level of the hybridization coefficient. It was found that a hybridization coefficient of 0.2 is optimum in this optimization problem. An analysis of the performance of the GSO algorithm is available in the literature [8]. The GSO converges more rapidly than the GA or PSO under any search condition.(4)Simulate the updated antenna, and evaluate the cost function of the antenna based on (1).(5)Steps 3 to 4 are repeated until the cost function is 0.(6)Define the noise factors, and create the OA matrix against the noise factors [12]. In this article, the noise factor is defined as the parameter that affects the resonant frequency of the conventional main antenna. Figure 4 shows the simulated resonant frequencies of the conventional antenna while changing the design variables by ±0.2 mm. The variances of the resonant frequency of the antenna in accordance with the changes in each design variable are listed in Table 2. Among the nine design variables, the four parameters of , l1, l2, and h1 that have resonant frequency variance of 4 MHz or more are used as the noise factors in this paper.(7)Create the OA (9, 4, 3, and 0.2) matrix against the noise factors, and implement the experiments in the matrix using HFSS.(8)Evaluate the robustness of the antenna as optimized by GSO. The robustness is defined as the variance of the resonant frequency obtained from the experiments in the OA matrix: where and are the maximum and minimum resonant frequencies in the experiments, respectively.(9)When the robustness meets the termination criteria, the process of the proposed method is terminated. The termination criteria stipulate that the robustness of the optimized main antenna must be improved by more than 50% as compared to that of the conventional antenna.
4. Robust Optimization Result
The simulated reflection coefficients of the conventional and optimized antennas are depicted in Figure 5. The −6 dB reflection bandwidths of the conventional and optimized antennas are 72 MHz (822–894 MHz) and 70 MHz (824–894 MHz), respectively. Therefore, the optimized antenna covers the GSM850 band. The dimensions of the optimized antenna are as follows: l1 = 48.2 mm, l2 = 4.2 mm, d1 = 4.5 mm, d2 = 13.5 mm, and h1 = 6.9 mm.
The simulated peak gains of the conventional and optimized antennas are shown in Figure 6. In the GSM850 band, the peak gains of the conventional and optimized antennas vary from −1.56 to 0.62 dBi and from −1.21 to 0.79 dBi, respectively. The peak gain of the optimized antenna is slightly higher than that of the conventional antenna at higher frequencies. Figure 7 shows the simulated radiation patterns for the conventional and optimized antennas. The radiation patterns are simulated at the resonant frequency of each antenna and observed on three cutting planes (xy-, xz-, and yz-planes). The 3D radiation patterns of each antenna are also depicted. The simulation results provide evidence that the radiation patterns are similar to each other.
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The OA matrices for the noise factors of the conventional and optimized antennas are listed in Tables 3 and 4, respectively. Based on the design variables listed in Tables 3 and 4, the reflection coefficients of the antennas are simulated, as shown in Figure 8. In Figure 8(a), the minimum and maximum resonant frequencies among the nine results for the conventional antenna are 837 MHz and 868 MHz (variance: 31 MHz). For the optimized antenna, the minimum and maximum resonant frequencies arise at 849 MHz and 861 MHz (variance: 12 MHz; see Figure 8(b)). These results demonstrate that the robustness of the optimized antenna is improved by 61.3% as compared to that of the conventional antenna.
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5. Experimental Result
In this work, the metal frame exists near the IFA, which can deteriorate the robustness of the antenna. Strong undesired coupling can be generated between the metal frame and the edge of the antenna because the antenna emits most of its radiation energy from its edge. In order to investigate the degree of coupling, the magnitudes of the electric fields at the center of are simulated. These results are presented in Figure 9. The magnitudes of the electric fields in the conventional and optimized antennas are 87.5 dB and 83.1 dB at 856 MHz, respectively. This outcome indicates that the coupling between the metal frame and the antenna can be decreased by increasing . For this reason, is the dominant parameter in the design of the robust antenna proposed in this paper.
To verify the experimental results, conventional and optimized antennas are fabricated and measured while varying . Figure 10 shows a photograph of the fabricated models and the test jig used for the measurement. In the test jig, short and feed pins are connected to the ground plane of the PCB and SMA connectors (port), respectively. In addition, the short and feed posts of the fabricated antennas correspondingly linked to the short and feed pins on the test jig to obtain the reflection coefficient, which is measured using an Agilent 8510C network analyzer. Figure 11 shows the measured reflection coefficients of the conventional and optimized antennas according to variations of . When for the conventional antenna is changed from 1.2 mm to 2.2 mm, the variance of the resonant frequency is 30 MHz (834–864 MHz). On the other hand, for the optimized antenna, the variance is 15 MHz (850–865 MHz) under identical conditions. These results indicate that the robustness of the optimized antenna is enhanced compared to that of the conventional antenna.
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6. Conclusion
In this study, a hybrid robust optimization method developed on the basis of the GSO and OA was proposed. The proposed method was utilized to satisfy the −6 dB reflection bandwidth requirement of the metal frame antenna and to derive robust design parameters for antenna manufacturing tolerances. Conventional and optimized antennas were fabricated to verify the simulated results. The simulated and measured results indicated that the robustness of the optimized antenna is enhanced by 61.3% compared to that of the conventional antenna. Therefore, the proposed optimization scheme can be feasibly applied to the robust design of various antennas for smartphone applications.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Technical Cooperation Project of Samsung Electronics.