Abstract
A miniaturized periodic microstrip leaky wave antenna (MLWA) with shorting pins is proposed in this paper. The suggested antenna consists of a number of stubs that are periodically placed on the side of the transmission line, with the outside edges of the stubs being all integrated with shorting pins. In comparison with the whole-width stubs MLWA, the proposed antenna has an advantage of effective reduction in antenna size for the similar beam-scanning capability. A series of simple and effective equations were obtained to calculate the propagation constant and determine the operating band of the antenna. The consistency of the calculated and measured propagation constant confirms the validity of the parameter equations. As demonstrated by experimental results, the main beam scans electronically and continuously from 145° to 61° in the y-z plane as the operating frequency changes from 5.7 GHz to 11.7 GHz.
1. Introduction
The microstrip leaky wave antenna (MLWA), which was developed by Menzel in 1979, exhibits various advantages such as ease to match, low profile, and beam-scanning capability [1]. The beam-scanning capacity is considered to be the most significant characteristic of MLWA, which is a crucial reason why it can be widely applied in multiple fields [2, 3]. The conventional uniform MLWA works in the first high-order mode [4]. Nevertheless, the main beam of the conventional uniform MLWA antenna scans in the forward quadrant only instead of all quadrants of the hemispherical space [5].
Backward to forward beam-scanning capacity is easy to achieve by applying the composite right-/left-handed (CRLH) [6–8]. Unfortunately, CRLH leaky wave antenna design is highly, perhaps excessively, complex [9].
Additionally, the periodic construction can be exploited to achieve backward to forward direction beam scanning, owing to the positive or the negative phase constants [10]. This feature is characterized by the complex propagation constant [11]:where represents the phase constant, indicates the attenuation constant, is referred to as the spacing, and n denotes the order of space harmonics [12]. The periodic antenna working in either the leaky region or the bound region determines the character of the single space harmonic. The periodic antenna leaks energy by the n = −1 space harmonic [13].
Different types of periodic LWA have been developed so far, such as periodically loading the antenna with U-shaped slots [14], periodic structure with fifteen matched unit cells (UCs) that are cascaded [15], periodic antenna with a series of offset truncated DSPSLs [16], or periodic meandered-line-loaded LWA [17]. The main beam of these antennas can be effective on scanning from backward to forward direction.
Over the most recent years, substantial achievements have been made regarding the open stopband (OSB) suppression [18]. An infinite periodic composite right-/left-handed (CRLH) MLWA was analyzed in [19]. A novel technique for OSB suppression in 1D periodic printed LWA was suggested in [20].
Due to the advantages of easy tuning to the desired frequency that can be optimized, stubs were extensively used in the past for impedance matching or tuning the antenna [21]. 1D periodic combline LWA with OSB suppression was proposed in [22]. In this paper, the introduction of shorting pins is effective on reducing the antenna size in similar beam-scanning capacity with the OSB suppression.
A miniaturized periodic MLWA with shorting pins is presented in this paper. The proposed antenna, as shown in Figure 1, consists of stubs that are periodically placed on the side of the transmission line. The outside edges of stubs are all integrated with shorting pins. In Section 2, the antenna design of the proposed antenna is described. In Section 3, the shorting pins are analyzed and the electric-field distributions of the proposed and whole-width antenna are investigated. A series of simple and effective equations are obtained to calculate the propagation constant, and the validity of equations makes it convenient to determine the operating band for the given structural parameters. Compared with the whole-width MLWA, the proposed miniaturized antenna displays advantage of effective reduction in antenna size for similar beam-scanning capabilities. In Section 4, the measured far-field radiation patterns in the y-z plane and the measured gain of the antenna prototype are presented. The S-parameters (S11) and normalized propagation constants are also evaluated.
(a)
(b)
2. Antenna Design
A prototype of the proposed miniaturized periodic MLWA is illustrated in Figure 2. As described above, the proposed antenna is comprises a series of stubs, with the outside edges of the stubs all integrated with shorting pins. To achieve better impedance matching and ease of testing, the proposed miniaturized periodic antenna is designed with two ports, which are theoretically equivalent and interchangeable. The parameters of the proposed MLWA are listed in Table 1. The proposed antenna is fabricated on a substrate with relative permittivity of εr = 2.65, dielectric loss tangent of tan δ = 0.005, and thickness of h = 0.8 mm. The radius of the shorting pins is r = 0.5 mm.
From Figures 2 and 1(b), a quarter-wavelength matching transformer is introduced to the unit. The matching transformer consists of a microstrip line of width and length l, placed at a distance from the edge of the stub. By adding a matching section into each unit cell, the impedance (Z0) can be made almost equal to 50 Ω at the broadside frequency. Thus, the OSB around broadside frequencies can be suppressed.
3. Theoretical Analysis and Formulations
3.1. Shorting Pins
The electric-field distributions of the proposed miniaturized periodic MLWA and whole-width stubs MLWA are shown in Figure 3. From the electric-field distribution of the whole-width stubs MLWA at 9 GHz, as shown in Figure 3(a), the electric field in the middle of the stub is quite weak.
(a)
(b)
The addition of a shorting pin connects the antenna patch and the ground plane, which forces the electric field to zero, and a mirror reflection is realized. As shown in Figure 3(b), the electric field on the outside edges of stubs is zero. The electric field of each stub is basically the same, and the periodic operating mode is excited. Some periodic modulation is introduced, which suggests that the proposed miniaturized LWA with shorting pins should be the periodic structure. In addition, the main beam of the antenna scans effectively from backward to forward direction as operating frequency increases.
The comparison of the propagation constants of the proposed miniaturized periodic MLWA and the whole-width stubs MLWA, which are simulated by Ansoft HFSS, are shown in Figure 4. The proposed miniaturized periodic MLWA has the advantage of effectively reducing the antenna size. The antenna width is reduced by as much as 50% as compared to the whole-width MLWA in similar beam-scanning capability.
3.2. Complex Propagation Constant
The complex propagation constant of the proposed periodic structure could be expressed by Floquet’s equation [23]:
The phase constant determines the direction of the main beam, which could be given by the following equation: [24].the angle θ of the main beam is defined by the phase constant with variation of the operating frequency. The attenuation constant αzn is related to the half-power beam-width θHPBW of the main beam:
The complex propagation constant kz of the periodic unit could be calculated as follows [25, 26]:where in (7) represents the equivalent width of the antenna and in (8) indicates the equivalent extension. After extensive simulated analysis using Ansoft HFSS, and could be calculated as follows:where represents the length of the stubs, d indicates the spacing between the stubs, s denotes the width of the stubs, and h stands for the thickness of the substrate.
ɛeff is referred to as the effective dielectric constant:
There are two chief parameters which affect the propagation performance of the proposed antenna: length of the stub W and the structural spacing d. The comparison of the propagation constants, which are calculated by (2)∼(11) and simulated by Ansoft HFSS, are presented in Figures 5 and 6. The normalized phase constants are variable from −1 to 1, and the calculated results match well with the simulated results. The attenuation constants are consistent, which indicates the validity of (2)∼(11).
As revealed in Figure 5, the operating band of the miniaturized periodic MLWA shifts from 5.8 GHz∼11 GHz to 5 GHz∼10.8 GHz as the length of the stubs increases from 4 mm to 8 mm. As a result, the operating band shifts toward the lower frequency as the length of the stub increases. The result is largely attributed to the increase in the equivalent width of the antenna.
The effect exerted by the structural spacing (d) on the propagation constant is shown in Figure 6. The propagation curve shifts upwards as d increases from 22 mm to 30 mm. This effect is manifested in the operating band that shifts toward the lower frequency.
As evidenced by the fitting of the simulated results with the calculated results, the operating band can be determined by (2)∼(11). The method of using formulas is quick and easy.
4. Measurement Results
The radiation patterns and gain of the proposed miniaturized periodic MLWA in the far-field condition are measured. The propagation constants and S-parameters are also shown.
The measured y-z plane radiation patterns are illustrated in Figures 7–9. As expected, the main beam scans from backward to forward direction as the operating frequency increases. Continuous beam scanning around broadside direction is achieved in Figure 8, and the OSB is suppressed. As indicated by the experimental results, the main beam of the proposed antenna scans electronically and continuously from 145° to 61° in the y-z plane as the operating frequency increases from 5.7 GHz to 11.7 GHz.
In Figure 7, the main beam steers in the backward direction. At the operating frequencies of 5.7 GHz, 6.5 GHz, and 7.7 GHz, the main beam is directed at 145°, 120°, and 98°, respectively. In Figure 8, the operating frequencies are 7.9 GHz, 8.3 GHz, and 8.9 GHz. At these frequencies, the main beam directs at θ = 96°, θ = 91°, and θ = 84°. The main beam steers in the broadside direction. As shown in Figure 9, the main beam points at 82°, 72°, and 61° in the forward direction at operating frequencies of 9.1 GHz, 10.3 GHz, and 11.7 GHz.
The normalized phase constants βzn/k0 and the attenuation constants αzn/k0 (k0 = 2π/λ0 is the free space wave number) of the proposed antenna are shown in Figure 10. The measured normalized phase constants confirm well to the results calculated by (2)∼(11). Besides, the trend of the measured and calculated normalized attenuation constant are consistent. The fitting result further validates the feasibility of (2)∼(11), and the validity of equations makes it convenient to determine the operating band for given structural parameters.
The reflection coefficient and the measured gain of the proposed antenna are presented in Figure 11. The simulated and measured reflection coefficients (S11) are mostly less than −10 dB in the operating bandwidth range of 5.7 to 11.7 GHz. As expected, the measured gain is essentially constant as the beam is scanned through the broadside direction. From 5.7 to 11.7 GHz, the measured realized gain is consistent with only a 2.18 dBi gain variation. An excellent match is achieved, and the antenna has been successful in suppressing the OSB.
A comparison performed between parameters/characteristics of the proposed periodic antenna and previously published studies is indicated in Table 2. The advantage of effective reduction in antenna size is apparent compared with the existing periodic antenna. Due to the reduction in antenna width, the measured realized gain is reduced as compared to previously published studies. Despite this, the radiation pattern is excellent, and the measured realized gain is consistent over the scanning band.
5. Conclusion
In this paper, a miniaturized periodic MLWA with shorting pins is suggested. The proposed antenna consists of a series of stubs, which is periodically placed on the side of the transmission line. The outside edges of the stubs are all integrated with shorting pins. The proposed miniaturized periodic MLWA shows the advantage of effective reduction in antenna size. The antenna width is reduced by as much as 50% when compared to the whole-width MLWA in similar beam-scanning capability. A series of simple equations were obtained to calculate the propagation constant of the proposed periodic MLWA, and the validity of equations makes it convenient to determine the operating band for given structural parameters. An excellent consistency among the calculated, simulated, and measured results validated the effectiveness of the parameter equations. The periodic structure allows its main beam to scan from 145° to 61° as the operating frequency changes from 5.7 GHz to 11.7 GHz. The proposed antenna is simple and easy to manufacture, which will make it suitable for application in the automobile radar system or the traffic control.
Data Availability
The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this article.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Nature Science Foundation of Guangdong Province under Grant no. 2015A030312010.