A Review of Indocyanine Green Fluorescent Imaging in Surgery

Table 3

ICG cytotoxicity studies.

Cell	Type	Ref.	Comment
ARPE19	In vitro	[54]	ICG 1 mg/mL; not toxic
RPE	In vitro	[55]	IfCG; no damage
Glial cell	Ditto	Ditto	ditto; some damage
RPE	Rabbit	[56]	ICG; no damage
RPE	Ditto	Ditto	IfCG; no damage
RPE	Gene expr.	[57]	Cell cycle arrest and apoptosis
Ditto	Ditto	Ditto	0.25 mg/mL recommended
Müller	In vitro	[41]	Fluorescent lamp illumination:
Ditto	Ditto	Ditto	induces cytotoxicity
Intravenous	Rat	[58]	IRDye 800CW; no toxicity obs.
Intradermal	Ditto	Ditto	Ditto; ditto
Spin. root ax.	Rat	[59]	Neurotoxicity observed
RPE	Human cult.	[60]	Growth inhibition and damage
RPE	Human cult.	[61]	ICG interactions with RPE