Scheme of the adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells on nanostructured surfaces. The adhesion of stem cells is characterized by the expression of cell surface markers (VCAM, ITG, and THY1) while phenotypic markers (Runx2, ALP, OCN, and OPN) are specific to their osteoblastic differentiation (OCN: osteocalcin; OPN: osteopontin).
