Bone Response to Surface-Modified Titanium Implants: Studies on the Early Tissue Response to Implants with Different Surface Characteristics

Table 1

Results from AES investigation of screw shaped Ti implant surface layers.

Preparation	Chemical composition at % (s.d.)	Thickness (nm)	Microstructure
Machined, reference 𝛾-sterilized	Ti: 18 (0.5); O: 59 (1.5); C: 13 (0.8); Ca: 8 (0.7); S: 0.7 (0.2); Si: 1.3 (0.3); Cl: 0.1 (0.1)	≈3 nm TiO2	Plastically deformed, amorphous metal surface. Non-crystalline oxide (TiO2)
Glow discharge cleaned and thermally oxidized, 𝛾-sterilized	Ti: 23 (0.8), O: 66 (2); C: 10 (2.7); S: 0.1 (0.1); Si: 0.7 (0.7)	≈2 nm TiO2	Polycrystalline metal surface. Non-crystalline oxide (TiO2)
Glow discharge cleaned and nitrided 𝛾-sterilized	Ti: 20 (0.4), N: 59 (1.1); O: 12 (0.8); C: 8 (1.1); Si: 0.6 (0.7);	≈3 nm TiN	Polycrystalline metal surface. Non-crystalline nitride (TiN)
H2O2 incubated 10 mM, 40 h, 8°C	Ti: 17 (3.4), O: 56 (3.2); C: 20 (2.7); Ca: 1.3 (0.3); S: 0.5 (0.2); Si: 0.2 (0.6); Cl: 0.1 (0.1); P: 0.2 (0.3); B: 0.2 (0.5); Na: 2.4 (2.3); K: 0.4 (1.1)	≈3–7 nm TiO2	Plastically deformed, amorphous metal surface. Noncrystalline oxide (TiO2)