Novel Nanotechnology of TiO₂ Improves Physical-Chemical and Biological Properties of Glass Ionomer Cement

Table 1

Surface roughness (-µm) and hardness (KHN) mean values and standard deviation (SD) for the experimental groups.

Experimental groups	Surface roughness (-µm); Mean value ± SD	Surface hardness (KHN); Mean value ± SD
Control (KM)	0.41 ± 0.14 A	81.48 ± 9.87 B
KM + 3% TiO2	0.55 ± 0.17 A	105.87 ± 12.71 AB
KM + 5% TiO2	0.49 ± 0.07 A	118.25 ± 4.21 A
KM + 7% TiO2	0.58 ± 0.16 A	75.13 ± 6.61 B

Different letters represent intergroup significant differences by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test ().