The Use of Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields to Promote Bone Responses to Biomaterials In Vitro and In Vivo
Table 2
The table summarizes the in vitro and in vivo studies on the effects of PEMF stimulation on osteoblastic primary cells and cell lines on titanium-based biomaterials. Studies are listed in chronological order.
Experimental model
Biomaterial
PEMF
Field intensity (mT)
PEMF waveform
Exposure
PEMF Generator
Reference
Placement in the medullary canal of femur and tibia in rabbits
Implants of 316 L stainless steel wire
5 ms, 15 Hz PEMF bursts of 4 kHz pulses
n/a
Quasi-square (trapezoidal pulses)
4 hours/day for 2 weeks
American Medical Electronics (Dallas, TX, U.S.A.)
(Spadaro et al., 1990)
Diaphysis of rabbit humerus
Bead-covered titanium implants
25 s PEMF pulses at 10 Hz
0.2
n/a
5-10 hours/day for 2 weeks
n/a
(Ijiri et al., 1996)
Placement in rabbit femurs
Commercially available Ti-6Al-4V dental implants with anodized surface
100 Hz, 25 s PEMFs
0.2, 0.3, 0.8
n/a
4 or 8 hours/day for up to 4 weeks
Riken Electromagnetic Field Pulse Generator, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, Saitama, Japan
(Matsumoto et al., 2000)
Placement in rabbit tibias
Commercially available titanium dental implants
85 s-long pulses at 20 MHz
1 W
n/a
30 minutes/day for 21 or 42 days
Healtec-Celular, Healtec Eletromedicina Ltd., Brazil
(Buzzá et al., 2003)
Placement in rabbit mandibles
Custom Ti-6Al-4V dental implants
100 Hz, 25 s PEMFs
0.2
n/a
4 hours/day for 14 days
In-house built
(Özen et al., 2004)
Placement in tibias of ovariectomized rats
Cylindrical titanium implants
100 Hz, 25 s PEMFs
0.2
n/a
4 hours/day for 14 days
In-house built
(Akca et al., 2007)
Human osteosarcoma Saos-2 cells
Titanium fiber-mesh sheets
1.3 ms pulses at 75 Hz
2
Trapezoidal
24 hours/day for 22 days
BIOSTIM, Igea, Carpi, Italy
(Fassina et al., 2008b)
Human osteosarcoma Saos-2 cells
Sintered titanium grids
1.3 ms pulses at 75 Hz
2
Trapezoidal
24 hours/day for 22 days
BIOSTIM, Igea, Carpi, Italy
(Fassina et al., 2008a)
Placement in rat tibias
Custom cylindrical threaded titanium implants
60 ms, 1.9 Hz PEMF bursts of 50 Hz trains
72
Quasi-square (with sinusoidal pulses)
30 minutes/twice a day
Magnetherp (Meditea Electromédica, Buenos Aires, Argentina)
(Grana et al., 2008)
Dog mandibles, immediate post-extraction placement
Commercially available titanium dental implants
1 MHz, 25 s-long pulses
0.8
n/a
20 minutes/day for 2 weeks
n/a
(do Nascimento et al., 2012)
Primary rat calvaria cells
Commercially pure titanium or TiZr discs
100 Hz, 25 s PEMFs
0.2
n/a
2 hours/day for up to 72 hours
In-house built
(Atalay et al., 2013)
Primary rat calvaria cells
Polished, sand-blasted/acid-etched or anodized nanotubular titanium surfaces
15 Hz, 5 ms-long bursts of 4.5 kHz pulses
0.96
Quasi-square (with square pulses)
Up to 7 days
GHY-III, FMMU, Xi’an, China
(Wang et al., 2014)
Placement in rabbit tibias
Commercially available titanium dental implants
10 Hz
0.4-0.2
n/a
24 hours/day for 2 or 4 weeks
n/a
(Barak et al., 2016)
Murine MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells
Porous titanium scaffolds by electron beam melting system
15 Hz, 5 ms-long bursts of 4.5 kHz pulses
2
Quasi-square (with square pulses)
2 hours/day for 3 days
GHY-III, FMMU, Xi’an, China
(Jing et al., 2016)
Defects in rabbit femurs (condyles)
Porous titanium scaffolds by electron beam melting system
