Surface Activation and Pretreatments for Biocompatible Metals and Alloys Used in Biomedical Applications

Figure 4

SEM images of titanium oxides that are anodically prepared under different anodizing conditions: (a) chemical etch in 0.5 wt% HF for 30s, (b) aqueous 0.3 wt% HF + 1 M H₃PO₄ at 20 V, (c) aqueous 0.5 wt% HF + 1 M H₃PO₄ at 20 V, (d) aqueous 0.5 wt% HF + 1 M H₃PO₄ at 10 V, and (e) aqueous 0.5 wt% HF + 1 M H₃PO₄ at 150 V [42].

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)