Surface Activation and Pretreatments for Biocompatible Metals and Alloys Used in Biomedical Applications

Table 2

Various electrolyte solutions and applied potentials used for anodizing Ti substrates [39].

Sample	Electrolyte solution	Applied potential (V)	Results
1	1 wt% HF	60	Dot-like structures from fast dissolution of oxide layer
2	1 M H3PO4+ 1 wt% HF	60	Nanopowder granules on dot-like structures
3	5 M H3PO4+ 1 wt% HF	60	Nanopowders
4	10 M H3PO4+ 1 wt% HF	60	Nanopowders + Nanotubes
5	1 M H3PO4	60	Cracking of barrier oxide layer
6	1 M H3PO4	200	Microporous structure
7	1 M H3PO4+ 1 wt% HF	20	Nanotubes