Abstract
Performance of zinc yellow polypropylene-coated aluminum alloy 7B04 during accelerated degradation test is studied using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). It has been found that the zinc yellow polypropylene paint has few flaw and acts as a pure capacitance before accelerated test. After 336-hour exposure to the test, the impedance spectroscopy shows two time constants, and water has reached to the aluminum alloy/paint interface and forms corrosive microcell. For the scratched samples, the reaction of metal corrosion and the hydrolysis of zinc yellow ion can occur simultaneously. The impedance spectroscopy indicates inductance after 1008-hour exposure to the test, but the inductance disappears after 1344-hour exposure and the passivation film has pitting corrosion.
1. Introduction
Organic coatings have been widely applied to control the corrosion of airplanes for many years [1, 2]. The performance of organic coatings, which generally relates to their barrier performance character against water, oxygen, and ions and to their good adhesion to substrate impeding delamination, seriously influences their protection efficiencies to metallic substrates [3, 4]. However, organic coatings can degrade under various service conditions and the degradation process of paints is complicated since it is affected by several factors, such as humidity, heat impact,ultraviolet (UV) radiation, salt fog, pollutants (like ), low temperature fatigue, and other exotic (like dust) [5, 6]. The degradation evaluation can be visual, mechanical, electrochemical, and so furth. The use of electrochemical techniques combined with accelerated tests has resulted in new information concerning the degradation mechanisms of organic coatings in corrosive environments [7, 8]. In particular, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) has been shown to be very useful technique for the study of the performance of anticorrosive primers [9, 10].
Zinc yellow polypropylene primer has been widely used in aeronautical industry, and its EIS study has been carried out. But the research mainly focus on its impedance measurement with exposure time after immersion to certain solution, such as NaCl solution [11, 12], and the failure characteristics after exposure to accelerated test simulating the service conditions have not been investigated.
In the present work, electrochemical impedance varieties of zinc yellow polypropylene-coated aluminum alloy 7B04 used in aircraft during accelerated test to simulate its service condition are studied using EIS, and the characteristics of corrosive failure of the organic coating are also investigated. This will provide useful information for predicting its service life.
2. Experimental
2.1. Sample Preparation
Chemical composition of the test 7B04 aluminum alloy is listed in Table 1. 7B04 aluminum alloys are cut into 100 mm 50 mm 2 mm shaped sheets, polished and then cleaned by ethanol. Then the samples are electrochemically anodized according to HB/Z 233-93 [13] before being painted. The zinc yellow polypropylene primers are applied in 24 hours after being anodized to ensure the good adhesion between the organic coating and the substrate. The thickness is approximately 40 m. The artificial defect was obtained by scratching the coating with a hand cutter reaching to the metallic substrate. The representative appearance of the specimen with scratches is shown in Figure 1.
2.2. Accelerated Degradation Test
It is well known that the degradation of the organic coatings is not only determined by UV radiation, temperature, and humidity but also by pollutants. The damaging effects of sunlight are simulated by fluorescent UVA-340 lamps. The method of accelerated degradation test selected is listed in Table 2. The salt fog test and UV radiation are carried out in CCT Q-FOG chamber and QUV/SPRAY chamber of Q-Panel company, respectively.
2.3. EIS Measurement
The electrochemical properties of the paint are determined using EIS. A classical three-electrode cell is used for the electrochemical measurement: the working electrode with an exposed area of 10 , the saturated calomel reference (SCE), and a platinum auxiliary electrode. The test solution is 0.5 M NaCl. The impedance spectra are obtained at the rest potential (versus SCE) using an EG&G 1025 frequency response detector coupled with an EG&G 283 potentiostat. Both devices are computer controlled using Powersuite Software. The impedance measurements are carried out in a frequency range of 100 kHz to 10 mHz. A sinusoidal ac perturbation of 20 mV (versus SCE) coupled with the open circuit potential is applied to the intact paints and 5 mV (versus SCE) for scratched samples. All the measurements are conducted at the room temperature (). The impedance data are fitted with electrical equivalent circuit models using ZsimpWin Software.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. EIS Measurement Results of Samples without Scratches
Figure 2 shows the EIS Bode graph of coated samples before accelerated degradation test. It is showen that the phase angles are almost 90 degrees in a wide frequency range, and the impedances are as high as . The primers present a high ohmic resistance and thus can be treated as a pure electric capacitor. This indicates that there are few flaws in the primers, and the primers are good barriers and can protect the metallic substrates from corroding. The equivalent circuit before accelerated degradation test of coated samples are showen in Figure 3. In this model, is the solution resistance; and are the paint capacitance and the coating resistance, respectively. According to the equivalent circuit, the coating capacitance before accelerated test calculated is very low and about .
As the exposure time increases, the EIS impedance spectra changes greatly. Figure 4 shows the EIS Bode graph, equivalent circuit and imitation result of coated samples after 336-hour exposure to accelerated degradation test. It displays two time constant characteristic and indicates that water has reached to the aluminum alloy/paint interface, and the corrosive microcell forms. Also in the low-frequency area, Warburg impedance behavior appears.
(a)
(b)
According to Zhang [14], the Warburg impedance usually appears at the later stage of immersion test. Also it is known that the anticorrosive pigment zinc yellow ion in the primers can hydrolyze and the reaction products, such as , and , , and can attach to the corrosive active area and inhibit the corroding. So the Warburg impedance in Figure 4 may be due to the hydrolysis products, and equivalent circuit is shown in Figure 4. In the model of Figure 4, is the solution resistance, and are the paint capacitance and resistance, respectively, W is the diffusion impedance of the hydrolysis products of zinc yellow pigment, while and are the capacitance and resistance of the hydrolysis reaction. According to the equivalent circuit, the paint capacitance calculated is about , the resistance is about 4213，and the diffusion impedance is about 2.033E-5.
After 1680-hour exposure to accelerated degradation test, EIS Nyquist graph, equivalent circuit, and imitation result of coated samples are shown in Figure 5. It can be seen that the paint impedance decreases. In the stage, the anticorrosion effect due to the hydrolysis reaction of zinc yellow pigment gradually decreases, and the diffusion impedance of the hydrolysis products disappears. Furthermore, considering that water and oxygen molecules reach to the substrate surface, the electrochemical reactions at the metal/paint interface may take place and the pitting will occur. So the equivalent circuit shown in Figure 5 is introduced to fit the experimental data, in which is the solution resistance, and are the primer capacitance and resistance respectively, and and are the capacitance and resistance of the hydrolyzing reaction, while and are the double-layer capacitance and the reaction resistance on the metal/paint interface, respectively.
(a)
(b)
3.2. EIS Measurement Results of Samples with Scratch
The corrosion reaction of metal and the hydrolysis reaction of zinc yellow pigment are regarded to take place simultaneously on the scratches when there are scratches on the samples. Figure 6 shows EIS Bode and Nyquist graphs of coated samples with scratches before test and after 336-hour exposure to accelerated test. It can be seen that the Nyquist graphs are all semicirculars for the two situations, and the radius of the semicircular after 336-hour test is larger than that before test. The reason is that the hydrolysis product of zinc yellow pigment can make the active areas along the scratch passivate. The morphologies of scratched samples after 336-hour and 1344-hour exposure are shown in Figure 7. It is shown that there is no corrosion along the scratch after 336-hour exposure shown in Figure 7(a).
(a) Before exposure
(b) After 336-hour exposure
Along with the exposure time, the EIS changes greatly. Figure 8 shows the EIS of scratched coated samples after 1008-hour and 1344-hour exposure to the test. It reveals that the inductance behavior appears and there is positive value in the low frequencies after 1008-hour exposure test. According to the above analysis, the hydrolysis products of zinc yellow pigment can passivate the active area along the scratch, and the passivation film is just in the pitting corrosion inducing stage. But after 1344-hour exposure test, the inductance behavior disappears, and it indicates that the passivation film has pitting corrosion. And there are corrosion products and pittings (shown in Figure 7(b)) along the scratches after 1344-hour exposure test.
From the results, it can be seen that the intact primer can quickly degrade under the accelerated test conditions though there are few flaws in the zinc yellow polypropylene primer before test. The reason is that the resistance to UV effect of the primer is not very good; so the water can quickly permeate into the primers because of the degradation.
In practice, there are some defects in the organic coatings, and the specimens with scratches can simulate the situation of the coatings with defects. Comparing the result of scratched samples with that of unscratched samples, it indicates that the reaction of metal corrosion and the hydrolysis reaction of zinc yellow ion can occur simultaneously for the samples with scratches, while for samples without scratches, the electrolyte should firstly permeate to the metal/paint interface through the micropores after certain aging time, and then the reaction of the substrate may occur.
4. Conclusions
Electrochemical techniques combined with accelerated tests which simulate its service conditions are applied to investigate the failure of zinc yellow polypropylene coating on 7B04 aluminum alloy. Intact and scratched samples were studied.
Before test, the intact zinc yellow polypropylene coating acts as a pure capacitance before test, and the phase angles are almost 90 degree in a wide frequency range, and the impedances are as high as . But water can quickly permeate into the coating after exposure to the test, and the hydrolysis products of anticorrosive pigment zinc yellow ion can make aluminum alloy passivate. After 336-hour exposure to the test, the impedance spectroscopy shows two time constants.
For the scratched samples, the reaction of metal corrosion and the hydrolysis reaction of zinc yellow ion can occur simultaneously and the impedance spectroscopy indicates inductance after 1008-hour exposure. The hydrolysis products of zinc yellow pigment can passivate the active area along the scratch, and the passivation film is just in the pitting corrosion inducing stage. But after 1344-hour exposure test, the inductance behavior disappears, and it indicates that the passivation film has pitting corrosion. And there are corrosion products and pits along the scratches after 1344-hour exposure test.
Acknowledgments
This work is supported by the National Defense Technology Foundation Project (H052006A006) and Weapon Equipment Pre-research Foundation Project (51412060305HK5104). The testing samples were kindly supplied by Yu XIONG from Lab of Organic Coatings in Beijing Institute of Aeronautical Materials.