Abstract
The mild steel is extensively used in different industrial applications and the biggest problem in the application of mild steel is corrosion. In this work, the reaction kinetics of mild steel with sulfuric acid at different concentrations and at different temperatures were studied in combination with the experimental data and theoretical approach using the Runge–Kutta method. The results revealed that the rate of reaction constant for temperatures in the range of 30–50°C was changed from 2618 to 2793 L3/mol3.h, respectively. The order of reaction of mild steel was order in all temperature ranges. The enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy of mild steel reaction at a temperature of 298 K were estimated. The activation energy (E/R) of the reaction was 4.829 K. It was concluded that the sulfuric acid reaction with mild steel occurred easily and the inhibitors should be used in these systems.
1. Introduction
Mild steel alloy has been extensively utilized in manufacture as a substance for reaction containers, pipes, etc. [1]. Poor corrosion resistance of mild steel in corrosive electrolytes has largely prevented its implementation. Acid solutions are commonly used in different processes such as acid picking, cleaning, and descaling, which may cause the corrosion of metals [2, 3]. The alloy of mild steel destroyed by corrosive materials has led to significant economic losses and has created huge problems in industrial instrument security [4].
The investigation of mild steel corrosion and iron is a major theoretical issue and has attracted significant attention. Many scientists are conducting research on mild steel corrosion. The corrosion inhibitors of two imidazoline derivatives have been investigated for mild steel and the chloride-substituted was found better as compared with the fluoride-substituted [5]. The effect of 4,6-diamino-2-pyrimidinethiol (4D2P) inhibitor on mild steel oxidation in hydrochloride acid media was studied [6]. The rind, seed, and peel extract of watermelon were studied as corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in hydrochloride acid media [7].
Computational methods were extensively used for the purpose of designing new inhibitors with excellent inhibition characteristics. The simulations investigation was adopted to investigate corrosion-resisting aluminum and stainless steel pipes using 3D finite element model [8]. The sodium phosphate, sodium nitrite, and benzotriazole inhibitors were used to simulate steel metal in concrete pore solutions [9]. Thixoforging and simulation of complex parts of aluminum alloy AlSi7Mg were investigated [10]. A mathematical model was carried out for the sulfuric acid and ferric ion diffusion and the copper sulfide mineral leaching process [11]. Carbon fiber, carbon/carbon, and some modified carbon/carbon blends were exposed to a simulated atomic oxygen ambience to study their attitude in low earth orbit [12]. The reactions between silicon and nitrogen were studied using the shrinking core model [13]. Monte Carlo simulation technique was adopted to study the adsorption behavior of furan derivatives on mild steel face in hydrochloric acid [14]. Corrosion inhibition mechanism of two-mercaptoquinoline Schiff based on mild steel surface is investigated by quantum chemical calculation and molecular dynamics simulation [15].
Runge–Kutta method was extensively used for solving the different model of corrosion. Runge–Kutta, Euler–Maruyama, and Milstein methods were utilized to investigate the relationship between the time and pit corrosion depth in nuclear power plant piping systems [16]. The model is suggested to predict the precipitation allocation of corrosion output by using five-order Runge–Kutta format [17]. The Runge–Kutta method was used to solve the two-phase homogeneous model numerically and the major attitude of activated corrosion outputs [18]. A new partial differential model for monitoring and detecting copper corrosion products by sulfur dioxide (SO2) pollution is proposed using Runge–Kutta method [19].
The present paper explores corrosion kinetics of mild steel in sulfuric acid solutions using weight loss techniques. The effect of temperature (30–50°C) on corrosion is thoroughly assessed and discussed. Thermodynamic parameters were also calculated and discussed. The Runge–Kutta method was furthermore applied in an endeavor to obtain insights into the mechanism of corrosion of mild steel face at the molecular level.
2. Experimental
Mild steel sheet was mechanically press scissor into pieces of measuring 3 × 2 × 0.1 cm. These pieces were utilized without polishing. However, surface curing of the pieces included cleaning, degreasing in absolute ethanol, and drying in acetone. Solutions of (0.1-0.5 M) H2SO4 were provided by dilution of 97% sulfuric acid (weight percentage) utilizing bidistilled water. The chemical structure of this alloy specimen is illustrated in Table 1.
Weight loss tests were conducted using beakers (100 ml) of test solutions maintained at “30°C” for different concentrations (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 M) under total immersion conditions. All tests were made in aerated solutions. Weight loss of the specimens was determined by keeping them in test solutions for a time period range of 1–5 days. After completing a duration of treatment time specimens were scrubbed with a bristle brush under running water in order to remove the corrosion product. Specimens were then dried and reweighed. The weight loss was taken as the difference between the weight at a given time and the initial weight and is determined by using LP 120 digital balance with sensitivity of ±1 mg. The tests were performed in triplicate to guarantee the reliability of the results and the mean value of the weight loss is reported. Weight loss allowed calculation of the mean corrosion rate in mg/cm2 h.
3. Theoretical
3.1. The Runge–Kutta Method [20, 21]
The analytical details of the Runge–Kutta method can be outlined with reference to (1) below and an initial condition (y = at x = ). It is desired to find the value of (y) when (x = +h) where (h) is some given constant:
According to the Runge–Kutta method, it can be shown analytically that the ordinate at x = + h to the curve through (, ) is given bywhere K1, K2, and K3 are given by the equations
Formula (2) is known as the third-order Runge–Kutta formula because the term corresponding to the third derivative term in the Taylor series for y expanded about (, ) is correct [20, 21].
A mathematical model for first-order ordinary differential equation can be found to be used in Rung–Kutta method. The mathematical model represents the relationship between the temperature and the rate of reaction as explained below:
The transition state equation [22, 23] iswhere r is the rate of reaction, is the enthalpy of activation at standard condition, is the entropy of activation at standard condition, h is Planck’s constant, and N is the Avogadro number.
Equation (6) is rearranged to obtainwhere M = R/Nh EXP(/R)
Take the (ln) function for both sides of (7) to get
Derivate (9) to find
Multiply (10) by (r) and the result is
Equation (11) is the first-order ordinary differential equation which represents the relationship between the temperature (T) and the rate of reaction (r). This equation can be used in Rung–Kutta method to calculate the rate of reaction at different temperature (30–50°C) for different concentration.
4. Results and Discussion
The corrosion of mild steel was studied in combination between the theoretical and experimental data to analyse the kinetics of reaction with sulfuric acid (H2SO4) at various concentrations (0.1–0.5 M). The theoretical data were obtained by numerical methods, especially by the Runge- Kutta method [20, 21]. The corrosion rate of mild steel experimentally was determined using the relation:where is the mass loss, A is the area, and t is the immersion of period time.
The enthalpy can be found using (11). The enthalpy was found by plotting ln(r/T) versus 1/T for the experimental data shown in Table 2 according to (8) to get a straight line. The slope of straight line represents /R and the intercept is ln(M), where M is equal to (R/Nh EXP(/R) as shown in Table 2 and Figure 1.
Figure 1 shows that the equation of the straight line is
Therefore (/R) is equal to 2092 K and the ln(M) is equal to 0.542 and ΔS= 196.68 J/mol. The value of /R can be used in (11) to calculate the rate of reaction at different temperature (30, 35, 40, 45, and 50°C) and at different concentration (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 M) by using Rung–Kutta method as shown in Table 3.
Gibbs free energy at temperature 298 K was calculated by the following Gibbs free energy equation [24]:
The minus sign in Gibbs free energy indicates that the reaction of mild steel with sulfuric acid was a spontaneous reaction [24].
To calculate the order of reaction (n) for mild steel in sulfuric acid ln(r) versus ln(C) was plotted according to the following equation [24]:where (r) is the rate of reaction, (K) is the rate of reaction constant, and (n) is the order of reaction. Take the ln function for both sides of (15) to get
If ln(r) versus ln(C) is plotted according to (16), a straight line is obtained. The slope of straight line represents the order of reaction (n) and the intercept is the rate of reaction constant ln(K) as shown in Table 3 and Figure 2.
The rate of reaction equations at different temperatures (30–50°C) was found as shown in Figure 2:
The order of reaction of sulfuric acid with mild steel is a -order reaction as shown in (17), (18), (19), (20), and (21) at the range of temperature (30–50°C). The rate of reaction constant increases with an increase in temperature because the kinetic energy of molecules increases with increase in temperature [24, 25] as shown in Table 4 and Figure 3. To find the activation energy (E), ln(K) versus (1/T) was plotted according to the following equations [24] below and the results are shown in Figure 3 and Table 3:
The plot of ln(K) versus (1/T) according to (23) obtains a straight line, the slope of which represents the activation energy of a reaction (E/R) and the intercept is equal to the preexponential factor (A).
The activation energy (E/R) for the reaction of mild steel with sulfuric acid was estimated from the slope as shown in Table 3 and Figure 3 and was found equal to 4.829 K for the temperature range of 30-50°C and the preexponential factor (A) was 3062.54 as shown in the following equation:
The value of activation energy was very low, indicating that mean of the reaction takes place easily and spontaneously, which is in agreement with the result of minus value of Gibbs free energy.
5. Conclusion
The corrosion kinetics of mild steel with sulfuric acid in combination with the experimental data and theoretical approach using the Runge–Kutta method was investigated. The rates of sulfuric acid reaction with mild steel were increased with increased temperatures. Moreover, the rates of reaction constant (K) at temperature range of 30–50°C were 2618–2793 L3/mol3.h, respectively. The reaction order of mild steel was order in all ranges of temperature (30–50°C). The enthalpy and entropy of reaction were 17.393 KJ/mol and 196.68 J/mol, respectively. The value of Gibbs free energy was minus value (-41.217 KJ/mol), and therefore it was concluded that the reaction of mild steel with sulfuric acid was spontaneous. The activation energy of the reaction of mild steel with sulfuric acid was calculated and it was very low (E/R = 4.829 K) at different temperatures and at different concentration of sulfuric acid, which leads to concluding that the reaction of a mild steel with sulfuric acid readily occurred. Runge–Kutta simulation technique can be used to simulate the corrosion of mild steel surface in different concentrations of H2SO4.
Data Availability
The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.
Conflicts of Interest
The author declares that he has no conflicts of interest.