| Type/mutation | Anatomical phenotype | Motor phenotype | Reference |
| Dystonin/Bpag1 mutations* | | | |
| dt24J, spontaneous | Nervous system | Hind limb clasping, dystonia | [175] | dt27J, spontaneous | Nervous system | Hind limb clasping, dystonia | [117] | dtalb, spontaneous | Behavior, nervous system, muscle | Dystonia | [176] | dtJ, spontaneous | Mortality/aging, behavior, growth/size, pigmentation, vision/eye, hearing/vestibular/ear, integument | Abnormal posture, ataxia, impaired motor coordination | [177] | dtTg4, transgenic (random gene disruption) | Mortality/aging, behavior, nervous system, muscle | Impaired motor coordination, hind limb clasping | [132] | dttm1Efu, transgenic | Mortality/aging, nervous system, muscle, behavior, homeostasis, limbs/digits/tail, integument | Dystonia | [178] |
| DYT1 mutations† | | | |
| NSE-hMT, transgenic | Perinuclear aggregates stained for torsinA and ubiquitin | Hind limb clasping, marked hyperactivity, circling | [21] | CMV-hMT, transgenic | Not reported | Limited improvement on repeated rotarod testing in old animal | [165] | Prion-hMT, transgenic | Perinuclear aggregates stained for torsinA and ubiquitin | Limited improvement on repeated rotarod testing in old animals | [164] | torsinA knock-in, heterozygous | Perinuclear aggregates stained for torsinA and ubiquitin, NE abnormalities in neurons | Mild hyperactivity, poor performance on beam walking test | [23] | torsinA knock-out, heterozygous | Peduced amount of torsinA; NE abnormalities in neurons | Similar to knock-in(heterozygous) | [96] | Cortex-specific torsinA knock-out, heterozygous | Not reported | Deficiency on beam-walking test, hyperactivity | [98] | TH- hMT, transgenic | Not reported | Similar to CMV-hMT, transgenic | [104] |
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