Hierarchical Modeling of Patient and Physician Determinants of Blood Pressure Outcomes in Hypertensive Patients with and without Diabetes: Pooled Analysis of Six Observational Valsartan Studies with 15,282 Evaluable Patients

Table 4

Hierarchical linear modeling of SBP and DBP at 90 days by diabetes status.

	Diabetic				Nondiabetic
	Estimate	SE			Estimate	SE
SBP
Intercept	111.02	2.8471	38.99	<0.001	105.79	2.0141	52.53	<0.001
Patient determinants
Age (per 1 year)					0.0312	0.0112	2.78	0.006
SBP at diagnosis of HT (per 1 mmHg)	0.1097	0.0137	7.99	<0.001	0.1262	0.0089	14.20	<0.001
Renal impairment						0.7882		0.010
Cardiovascular disease (MI & coronary)		0.6510		0.002		0.4235		<0.001
Total cholesterol (per 1 mg/dl)	0.0168	0.0054	3.12	0.002	0.0145	0.0035	4.12	<0.001
Body mass index (per 1 kg/m^2)					0.0407	0.0151	2.69	0.007
Valsartan dose (0/80/160 mg)	1.8257	0.5433	3.36	0.001	1.1446	0.3190	3.59	<0.001
Hydrochlorothiazide (0/12.5/25 mg)	2.3898	0.5253	4.55	<0.001	3.0290	0.3188	9.50	<0.001
Concomitant beta-blocker	1.3436	0.4913	2.73	0.006	0.9209	0.2962	3.11	0.002
Adherence		0.5105		<0.001		0.2969		<0.001
Study: PREVIEW^¥	3.3340	0.5693	5.86	<0.001
Physician determinants
Years in practice (per 1 year)					0.0794	0.0217	3.67	<0.001
Male gender	2.0623	0.7377	2.80	0.005	1.1902	0.5645	2.11	0.035
HT patients seen in past year (per 1 patient)						0.0006		0.036
Intraclass correlation coefficient	0.25				0.23
DBP
Intercept	74.14	1.9590	37.85	<0.001	69.26	1.2184	56.84	<0.001
Patient determinants
Age (per 1 year)		0.01337		<0.001		0.0069		<0.001
DBP at diagnosis of HT (per 1 mmHg)	0.0964	0.01304	7.40	<0.001	0.1139	0.0084	13.54	<0.001
Cardiovascular disease (MI & coronary)		0.3668		0.044
Total cholesterol (per 1 mg/dl)	0.0075	0.00323	2.33	0.020	0.0091	0.0022	4.17	<0.001
Body mass index (per 1 kg/m^2)					0.0249	0.0097	2.55	0.011
Valsartan dose (0/80/160 mg)	0.9529	0.3214	2.97	0.003	0.3616	0.1969	1.84	0.066
Hydrochlorothiazide (0/12.5/25 mg)	1.2184	0.3194	3.81	<0.001	1.5947	0.2000	7.97	<0.001
Adherence		0.3037		<0.001
Study: IMPROVE^¥		0.5008		0.006
Study: INSIST^¥						0.6520		<0.001
Study: PREVIEW^¥	1.0204	0.4858	2.10	0.036
Physician determinants
Years in practice (per 1 year)	0.0499	0.01797	2.78	0.006
Male gender					0.7676	0.3452	2.22	0.026
HT patients seen in past year (per 1 patient)						0.0004		0.028
Duration of visit with newly diagnosed patient		0.02561		0.013
Intraclass correlation coefficient	0.24				0.24

SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HT: hypertension; MI: myocardial infarct; SE: standard error. ^¥Reference study: EXCELLENT.