Phytoremediation of Nitrogen as Green Chemistry for Wastewater Treatment System

Table 4

Different types of contaminants with different aquatic macrophytes species.

Type of contaminants	Aquatic macrophytes	Tolerance Mg/L	Comments	References
Cadmium	Eichhornia crassipes	<20	Reduction of relative growth in cadmium > 2 mg/L concentrations.	[18]
			Survived 21 days in the high concentrations of cadmium (5 mg/L, 10 mg/L, 15 mg/L, and 20 mg/L) with toxicity in the form of chlorosis, gross necrosis, and wilting of older leaves.	[19]
		<0.11	Survived 7 days of test period with 50% of inhibition of growth rate at concentrations 0.11 mg/L.	[20]
	Lemna minor	<0.56	Survived 7 days of test period with 50% of inhibition of growth rate at concentrations 0.56 mg/L.
	Ipomea aquatica	<22.7	Survived 15 days in zinc concentration of 0.23 mg/L, 2.27 mg/L, 4.09 mg/L, 7.26 mg/L, 12.71 mg/L, and 22.7 mg⋅L with blackening of roots.	[21]
	Pistia stratiotes	<10.5	Survived 14 days of experiment with yellowing, chlorosis at 10.5 mg/L.	[22]
Cyanide	Eichhornia crassipes	<10	At 5 mg/L of CN, the transpiration slightly reduced with no morphological changes and plants exposed to 10 mg/L of CN survived with 50% desiccation of their leaves.	[23]
Zinc	Elodea canadensis	<0.33	Survived 7 days of test period with 50% of inhibition of growth rate at concentrations 0.33 mg/L.	[20]
	Leptodictyum riparium	<6.54	Survived 7 days of test period with 50% of inhibition of growth rate at concentrations of 6.54 mg/L.
	Lemna minor	<6.54	Survived 7 days of test period with 50% of inhibition of growth rate at concentrations 6.54 mg/L.
	Eichhorna crassipes	<12	Growth rate reduced in 2–5 ppm of selenium and becomes negative at higher concentrations between 8 mg/L and 12 mg/L.	[24]
Selenium	Eichhornia crassipes	<24	Growth slightly decreased at higher concentration between 16 and 24 mg/L.	[25]
	Pistia stratiotes	<40	Yellowing of leaves at 40 mg/L of selenium at day 4.
Copper	Leptodictyum riparium	<0.64	Survived 7 days of test period with 50% of inhibition of growth rate at concentrations 0.64 mg/L.	[20]
	Lemna minor	<0.32	Survived 7 days of test period with 50% of inhibition of growth rate at concentrations 0.32 mg/L.
	Elodea canadensis	<0.51	Survived 7 days of test period with 50% of inhibition of growth rate at concentrations 0.51 mg/L.
	Lemna minor	<1.04	Survived 7 days of test period with 50% of inhibition of growth rate at concentrations 1.04 mg/L.
	Eichhorna crassipes	<25	Survived 7 days of experiment with signs of copper toxicity such as leaf and petiole chlorosis.	[26]
Lead	Leptodictyum riparium	<2.07	Survived 7 days of test period with 50% of inhibition of growth rate at concentrations 2.07 mg/L.	[27]
	Elodea canadensis	<1.04	Survived 7 days of test period with 50% of inhibition of growth rate at concentrations 1.04 mg/L.
	Eichhornia crassipes	<1000	Survived 7 days of treatment test at 1000 mg/L with inhibited plant growth by 50%.	[28]
	Pistia stratiotes	<414	After 8 days, plant destruction was observed, leaves and roots falling at 414 mg/L.	[22]
COD	Eichhornia crassipes	<1530	Survived 7 days in the 1530 mg/L of COD of textile effluent with slightly brown leaves.	[29]
	Pistia stratiotes	<1931	At 1931 mg/L of COD of parboiled rice mill wastewater, the color of the plant changed to brown by the second day and wilted on the 5th day.	[27]
BOD	Eichhornia crassipes	<2121	At 2121 mg/L of BOD of tapioca wastewater, Eichhornia crassipes survived until day 8 by 20%.	[30]
	Pistia stratiotes	<1089	At 1089 mg/L of COD of parboiled rice mill wastewater, the color of the plant changed to brown by the second day and wilted on the 5th day.	[27]
Ammoniacal nitrogen	Eichhornia crassipes	<56.4	Survived 4 weeks of test period with wilting, loss of plant turgidity, weakness of petioles, and browning and reduction in lead number in raw sewage.	[31]
	Eichhornia crassipes	<136	Survived 4 weeks of test period in the ammoniacal nitrogen concentrations of 136 mg/L in dairy manure.	[32]
	Hydrocotyle umbellata	<136	Wilt on the 7th day of the test period with crisping and browning at 136 mg/L of ammoniacal nitrogen concentrations of dairy manure.	[32]
	Lemna minor	<7.2	50% growth inhibition at unionized ammonia concentrations of 7.2 mg/L.	[33]
	Pistia stratiotes	<136	Wilt on the 7th day of the test period with crisping and browning at 136 mg/L of ammoniacal nitrogen concentrations of dairy manure.	[32]