Comparison of the Efficiency of Ultraviolet/Zinc Oxide (UV/ZnO) and Ozone/Zinc Oxide (O₃/ZnO) Techniques as Advanced Oxidation Processes in the Removal of Trimethoprim from Aqueous Solutions

Table 4

Comparison of removal efficiency of antibiotics in aqueous solution by advanced oxidation processes.

Antibiotic	Environment	Process	Operation conditions	Removal efficiency	Reference
Trimethoprim	Synthetic water model	UV/ZnO, O3/ZnO	Ozonation rate = 0.6 g/L, ZnO = 500 mg/L, low-pressure UV (6 W, 254 nm)	91%, 94%	This study
Trimethoprim	Spiked STP effluent	O3	0.1–0.3 mM O3, pH = 7.2	85%	[50]
Trimethoprim and ciprofloxacin	2.5 mM phosphate buffer saline, pH = 7	O3/H2O2/UV	O3 = 0.1 mM H2O2 = 0.05–0.1 mM, medium pressure	>90%	[51]
Ciprofloxacin	Ultrapure water	UV/TiO2	Dose catalyst (0.35 g/L), low-pressure UV	100% in 45 min	[52]
Metronidazole	Complex aqueous matrix	UV/TiO2	TiO2 = 1.5 g/L, UV light intensity = 6.5 mW cm^−2	88% in 30 min	[53]
Tetracycline	Deionized water	US/ZnO + nanocomposite	ZnO/NC = 4.88 mg, US frequency and power 37 kHz and 256 W	87.6% in 45 min	[54]
Ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim	Ultrapure water	UV/O3	2–20 mM O3, medium-pressure polychromatic UV lamp	∼100%	[51]
Ciprofloxacin	Synthetic and simulated wastewater samples	O3/CaO2	CaO2 = 0.025 mg/L, temperature = 25°C, ozonation rate = 1 g/min	95.6% and 85.4%	[55]
Ciprofloxacin	Synthetic water model	O3/UV/ZnO	Ozonation rate = 4 L/min, UV lamp 6 W and low pressure, ZnO = 0.3 g/L	96% in 30 min	[44]