Review Article

Composting and Anaerobic Digestion of Food Waste and Sewage Sludge for Campus Sustainability: A Review

Table 1

Characteristics of food waste and sewage sludge on campus.

WaterC/NOM (%)TS (%)VS (%)MC (%)pHEC (dS/m)N (%)P (%)K (%)Ca (%)Mg (%)S (%)Pb (mg/g)Zn (mg/g)Ref.

Sewage sludgeSão Paulo State University (UNESP)934NANANA5.9NA2.12.9NA1.40.32.0NA0.3[21]
Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST)107027NA736.3NA3.90.80.80.81.0NA0.03NA[22]
Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi2232NANA155.40.90.80.81.60.30.4NANANA[23]
University of British Columbia, VancouverNANA0.50.4NA6.9NANANANANANANANA1.6[24]
University of British Columbia (UBC)NANA0.4NANA6.6NANA133 mg/LNANANANANANA[25]
Chulalongkorn, UniversityNANA39.1 g/L39 g/LNA6.7NANANANANANANANANA[26]
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (IITG)11NANA34827NA2.1NANANANANANANA[27]

Food wasteUniversiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), MalaysiaNANANANA76NANANANANANANANANANA[28]
Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Malaysia10NANANANA6.2NA3.9NANANANANANANA[29]
University of Nottingham, Malaysia2096NANANA5.4NANA0.20.63NANANANANA[30]
University of a Coruña (UDC), Spain17NANANANANANA2.60.41.22.50.1NA<0.0000800.02[31]
King Abdul-Aziz University, Saudi ArabiaNA92NANA846.41.7NANANANANANANANA[32]
Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), India2595NANA794.72.1NA0.20.60.30.10.20.001%0.002%[33]
Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Ghana2785NA.NA.NA7.4NA1.80.30.80.60.4NA0.005NA[22]
University of Science and Technology Beijing, China1791NANA746.18.92.7NANANANANANANA[34]
University College Cork (UCC), Ireland14NA2995.3NA4.1NA3.5NANANANANANANA[35]
Zhejiang University, ChinaNANA2825.9NA4.5NA2.2NANANANANANANA[36]
University Putra Malaysia (UPM), MalaysiaNANA256 g/LNA726.3NANANANANANANANANA[37]
Pennsylvania State University, USA15NA2592.3NA4.6NA0.8NANANANANANANA[38]
University of Maine, MaineNANA3195.9NA4.57.8NA0.40.7NANANANANA[39]

C/N: carbon to nitrogen ratio, OM: organic matter, TS: total solid, VS: volatile solid, MC: moisture content, BD: bulk density; EC: electrical conductivity, N: nitrogen, P: phosphorus, K: potassium, Ca: calcium, Mg: magnesium, S: sulfur (%), Pb: lead, and Zn: zinc. Note: the unit follows the abbreviation unless stated otherwise in the table.