An important aspect of environmental engineering is the control of greenhouse gas emissions. Fossil fuel-fired power stations, for instance, represent a substantial contribution to this problem. Unless suitable steps are taken the accumulation of microbial deposits (biofouling) on the cooling water side of the steam condensers can reduce their efficiency and in consequence, the overall efficiency of power production, with an attendant increase in fuel consumption and hence <svg     style="vertical-align:-3.27605pt;width:30.575001px;" id="M1" height="15.5125" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 30.575001 15.5125" width="30.575001"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
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</svg> production. Biofouling control, therefore, is extremely important and can be exercised by chemical or physical techniques or a combination of both. The paper gives some examples of the effectiveness of different approaches to biofouling control.

T. Reg Bott

Biofouling Control in Cooling Water

Eug&#233;nio C. Ferreira

Manuel Mota

The 10th International Chemical and Biological Engineering Conference (CHEMPOR 2008)

The first Chempor Conference held in Lisbon in 1975 under the auspices of the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, heralded a regular wide-ranging review of research and development in Portugal and the UK Progressively in later years the Conferences have attracted contributions from other European countries and indeed further afield. There is an increasing awareness of the problems for the environment, notably global warming, brought about by human activities. Recent predictions about the future are dire, particularly regarding food and water for a rapidly growing world population. They represent a substantial challenge to the scientific and technical fraternity. In response to that challenge it is important to keep up to date with technical developments, to meet and keep in touch with coworkers in associated fields, and to cooperate wherever possible. The papers presented at the Chempor and other conferences have made and continue to make a significant contribution to that objective of meeting the challenge.

Meeting the Challenge

Carbon hollow fiber membranes have been prepared by pyrolysis of a P84/S-PEEK blend. Proximate analysis of the precursor was performed using thermogravimetry (TGA), and a carbon yield of approximately 40% can be obtained. This study aimed at understanding the influence of pyrolysis parameters—end temperature, quenching effect, and soaking time—on the membrane properties. Permeation experiments were performed with <svg style="vertical-align:-3.27605pt;width:19.0875px;" id="M1" height="15.25" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 19.0875 15.25" width="19.0875" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.112)"><path id="x4E" d="M719 650v-28q-43 -2 -62 -15t-22 -44q-6 -47 -6 -169v-403h-31l-426 524h-2v-251q0 -111 6 -169q4 -37 24 -50.5t72 -16.5v-28h-237v28q45 2 64.5 16t23.5 49q6 62 6 171v220q0 54 -3 68.5t-17 32.5q-16 19 -34.5 26.5t-54.5 10.5v28h147l418 -502h3v246q0 117 -7 166&#xA;q-4 34 -24.5 47t-73.5 15v28h236z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,12.687,15.187)"><path id="x32" d="M412 140l28 -9q0 -2 -35 -131h-373v23q112 112 161 170q59 70 92 127t33 115q0 63 -31 98t-86 35q-75 0 -137 -93l-22 20l57 81q55 59 135 59q69 0 118.5 -46.5t49.5 -122.5q0 -62 -29.5 -114t-102.5 -130l-141 -149h186q42 0 58.5 10.5t38.5 56.5z" /></g></svg>, He, and <svg style="vertical-align:-3.27605pt;width:30.575001px;" id="M2" height="15.5125" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 30.575001 15.5125" width="30.575001" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.363)"><path id="x43" d="M614 175l29 -10q-33 -109 -57 -154q-121 -26 -184 -26q-90 0 -160.5 29t-112.5 77t-63.5 105.5t-21.5 119.5q0 157 108 253t277 96q36 0 71.5 -5t69 -13.5t36.5 -8.5q15 -102 20 -150l-29 -8q-20 79 -66.5 114t-128.5 35q-119 0 -187.5 -86t-68.5 -207&#xA;q0 -140 73.5 -227.5t188.5 -87.5q73 0 119.5 37.5t86.5 116.5z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,11.469,11.363)"><path id="x4F" d="M381 665q131 0 226.5 -93t95.5 -239q0 -158 -96 -253t-238 -95q-137 0 -231 95t-94 238q0 142 92.5 244.5t244.5 102.5zM359 629q-89 0 -151 -74.5t-62 -208.5q0 -141 69 -233t175 -92q90 0 150.5 74t60.5 211q0 152 -69 237.5t-173 85.5z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,24.188,15.45)"><use xlink:href="#x32" /></g></svg>. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has been done for all carbon hollow fibers. The highest permeances were obtained for the membrane submitted to an end temperature of <svg style="vertical-align:-0.20473pt;width:40.950001px;" id="M3" height="13.1875" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 40.950001 13.1875" width="40.950001" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,12.875)"><path id="x37" d="M447 623l8 -12l-283 -613l-74 -10l-7 11q174 283 297 551h-216q-48 0 -62.5 -12t-33.5 -63h-29q10 60 18 148h382z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,8.222,12.875)"><path id="x35" d="M153 550l-26 -186q79 31 111 31q90 0 141.5 -51t51.5 -119q0 -93 -89 -166q-85 -69 -173 -71q-32 0 -61.5 11.5t-41.5 23.5q-18 17 -17 34q2 16 22 33q14 9 26 -1q61 -50 124 -50q60 0 93 43.5t33 104.5q0 69 -41.5 110t-121.5 41q-53 0 -102 -20l38 305h286l6 -8&#xA;l-26 -65h-233z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,16.381,12.875)"><path id="x30" d="M241 635q53 0 94 -28.5t63.5 -76t33.5 -102.5t11 -116q0 -58 -11 -112.5t-34 -103.5t-63.5 -78.5t-94.5 -29.5t-95 28t-64.5 75t-34.5 102.5t-11 118.5q0 58 11.5 112.5t34.5 103t64.5 78t95.5 29.5zM238 602q-32 0 -55.5 -25t-35.5 -68t-17.5 -91t-5.5 -105&#xA;q0 -76 10 -138.5t37 -107.5t69 -45q32 0 55.5 25t35.5 68.5t17.5 91.5t5.5 105t-5.5 105.5t-18 92t-36 68t-56.5 24.5z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,24.538,4.712)"><path id="x2218" d="M326 255q0 -56 -41 -96t-99 -40t-99 40t-41 96t41 96t99 40t99 -40t41 -96zM274 255q0 38 -25.5 65t-62.5 27t-62.5 -27t-25.5 -65t25.5 -65t62.5 -27t62.5 27t25.5 65z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,29.575,12.875)"><use xlink:href="#x43" /></g></svg> and the highest ideal selectivities for an end temperature of <svg style="vertical-align:-0.20473pt;width:40.950001px;" id="M4" height="13.1875" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 40.950001 13.1875" width="40.950001" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,12.875)"><use xlink:href="#x37" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,8.222,12.875)"><use xlink:href="#x30" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,16.381,12.875)"><use xlink:href="#x30" /></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,24.538,4.712)"><use xlink:href="#x2218" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,29.575,12.875)"><use xlink:href="#x43" /></g></svg>. In both cases, the membranes were quenched to room temperature.

Marta C. Campo

Tymen Visser

Kitty Nijmeijer

Matthias Wessling

Fernão D. Magalhães

Adélio M. Mendes

Influence of Pyrolysis Parameters on the Performance of CMSM

Semisynthetic beta-lactam antibiotics are among the most used pharmaceuticals. Their use in veterinary and human medicine is in continuous expansion. There is a growing need for developing bioactive implants. Advantages of implantable drug delivery tools can include high release efficiency, precise dose control, low toxicity, and allow to overcome disadvantages connected with conventional methods. In this respect, hydroxyapatite (HA) is an elective material. It enables to produce architectures similar to those of real bones. Here we studied a kinetic model to describe ampicillin release from HA. In the course of adsorption experiment, ampicillin was dissolved, maintained at <svg style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:30.625px;" id="M1" height="11.0375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 30.625 11.0375" width="30.625"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
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</svg> and shaken at 60 strokes/minute. Samples were withdrawn periodically for analysis and then returned to the mixture. Adsorbed amounts were measured by the difference of the concentration of the antibiotics before and after adsorption using UV adsorption at 225&#x2009;nm. The aim of this work was to evaluate its application as ampicillin delivery carrier.

Giovanilton Ferreira da Silva

Jos&#233; S&#237;lvio Veras Albuquerque

Caroliny Gomes de Oliveira

Ricardo Emilio Ferreira Quevedo Nogueira

Andrea Lopes de Oliveira Ferreira

The Kinetics of Ampicillin Release from Hydroxyapatite  for Bones Regeneration

The N3 dye was modified by substituting two of its protons by potassium or sodium cations. The performance and stability of dye-sensitized solar cells incorporating the new dyes were evaluated under light soaking
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</svg> at 
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</svg>. Photocurrent measurements demonstrated that proton substitution by potassium cations rends the system more stable. Further characterization of the potassium-based devices was performed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to investigate the charge-transfer phenomena occurring at the different interfaces of the cells.

Luísa Andrade

Shaik M. Zakeeruddin

Mohammad K. Nazeeruddin

Helena Aguilar Ribeiro

Adélio Mendes

Michael Graetzel

Influence of Different Cations of 
                        N3 Dyes on Their Photovoltaic Performance and Stability

This paper presents the implementation of an algorithm for automatic identification of drops with different sizes in monochromatic digitized frames of a liquid-liquid chemical process. These image frames were obtained at our Laboratory, using a nonintrusive process, with a digital video camera, a microscope, and an illumination setup from a dispersion of toluene in water within a transparent mixing vessel. In this implementation, we propose a two-phase approach, using a Hough transform that automatically identifies drops in images of the chemical process. This work is a promising starting point for the possibility of performing an automatic drop classification with good results. Our algorithm for the analysis and interpretation of digitized images will be used for the calculation of particle size and shape distributions for modelling liquid-liquid systems.

Luís M. R. Brás

Elsa F. Gomes

Margarida M. M. Ribeiro

M. M. L. Guimarães

Drop Distribution Determination in a Liquid-Liquid Dispersion by Image Processing

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International Journal of Chemical Engineering

Selected Papers from the 10th International Chemical and Biological Engineering Conference

Selected Papers from the 10th International Chemical and Biological Engineering Conference

Articles

Biofouling Control in Cooling Water

The 10th International Chemical and Biological Engineering Conference (CHEMPOR 2008)

Meeting the Challenge

Influence of Pyrolysis Parameters on the Performance of CMSM

The Kinetics of Ampicillin Release from Hydroxyapatite for Bones Regeneration

Influence of Different Cations of N3 Dyes on Their Photovoltaic Performance and Stability

Drop Distribution Determination in a Liquid-Liquid Dispersion by Image Processing