Electronic Properties of TiO₂ Nanoparticles Films and the Effect on Apatite-Forming Ability

Table 2

3D surface roughness parameters determined by AFM.

Sample	𝑆𝑎 (nm)		𝑆𝑑𝑞		𝑆𝑑𝑟 (%)
	Average	Stdev	Average	Stdev	Average	Stdev
TS	11.6	0.67	0.26	0.09	3.51	2.06
TS + 8 nm	8.34	—	0.14	—	1.05	—
TS + 22 nm	10.6	1.4	0.16	0.01	1.32	0.20
TS + P25	63.3	9.2	1.73	0.26	109.3	24.5
TS + AT-I	41.8	6.2	0.89	0.23	38.3	19.2
Au	13.9	—	0.24	—	2.68	—
Au + 22 nm	9.02	1.8	0.14	0.02	1.00	0.70

 𝑆_𝑎: average height of surface, 𝑆_𝑑𝑟: developed interfacial area, 𝑆_𝑑𝑞: root mean square of surface slope. Data from 10 × 10 μm scan size a Gaussian filter of 20% of the horizontal width (1.996 μm).