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Plant species | Plant material | Route of administration | Animal used (gender) | Type of induction/time of analysis | Antibacterial effect1 | Bone loss/method2 | Anti-inflammatory activity3 | Reference |
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Panax notoginseng and Rehmannia radix | Mixture of extracts (9 : 1 weight) | Oral | Rattus norvegicus (male) | Injecting E. coli endotoxin (LPS)/28 days | Not evaluated | Reduced ABC/µCT | Reduced the in vitro release of TNF-α from human monocytic cells and hGF cells | Almeida et al. [2] |
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Ocimum sanctum | Tulsi extract | Topical | Rattus norvegicus (male and female) | Silk ligature/9 days | Not evaluated | Not reduced ABC/Stereo | Presented anti-inflammatory activity in another experimental model | Hosadurga et al. [4] |
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Scutellaria baicalensis | Baicalin | Oral | Rattus norvegicus (male) | Nylon ligature/7 days | Not evaluated | Reduced ABC/histology | Not evaluated | Cai et al. [6] |
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Rhizoma coptidis, Hydrastis canadensis, and Cortex phellodendri | Berberine | Oral | Rattus norvegicus (male) | Silk ligature/8 days | Not evaluated | Reduced ABC/µCT | Not evaluated | Tu et al. [7] |
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Cucurbita pepo, Mentha piperita, Crataegus spp., Rosmarinus officinalis, Capsicum annuum, and Achillea millefolium | LongoVital® | Oral | Rattus norvegicus (male and female) | Injecting A. viscosus and P. gingivalis/63 days | Not evaluated | Reduced ABC/Radio | Not evaluated | Klausen et al. [8] |
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Mangifera indica | Mangiferin (Sigma-Aldrich Co.) | Oral | Rattus norvegicus (male) | Cotton ligature/1, 4, and 7 days | Not evaluated | Reduced ABC/histology | Inhibited COX-2 expression, the rolling, and adhesion of leukocytes in the periodontal tissue | Carvalho et al. [9] |
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Curcuma longa | Curcumin (Sigma-Aldrich Co.) | Gavage | Rattus norvegicus (male) | Nylon ligature/30 days | Not evaluated | Reduced ABC/histology | Reduced the expression of TNF-α in gingival tissues | Zhou et al. [10] |
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Magnolia officinalis | Magnolol (Sigma-Aldrich Co.) | Oral | Rattus norvegicus (male) | Silk ligature/9 days | In vitro activity against P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitan | Reduced ABC/µCT | Inhibited neutrophil migration, MPO activity, and COX-2 and iNOS expression in gingival tissues | Lu et al. [11] |
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Rhizoma drynariae and Rehmannia glutinosa | Bu-Shen-Gu-Chi-Wan (JiuZhiTang Pharmaceutical) | Oral | Rattus norvegicus (female) | Injecting P. gingivalis and ligature/28 days | Not evaluated | Improved the mineral density of the bone/µCT | Reduced levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, and inflammatory cell infiltration in the periodontal tissues | Yang et al. [12] |
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Pinus pinaster | Pycnogenol® (Tradepia Co.) | Oral | Balb/c (male) | Injecting P. gingivalis/34 days | Antibacterial activity against P. gingivalis | Reduced ABC/Stereo | Not evaluated | Sugimoto et al. [13] |
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Vaccinium macrocarpon | Aqueous extract containing tannin and phenolic compounds | Oral | Mus musculus (female) | Injecting P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum/42 days | Anti-adhesive properties against P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum. Increased the phagocytosis of P. gingivalis | Not evaluated | Reduced in vivo levels of TNF-α | Polak et al. [15] |
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Curcuma longa | Curcumin | Topical | Rattus norvegicus | Silk ligature/28 days | Not evaluated | Did not reduce ABC/Stereo | Exhibited anti-inflammatory activity in another experimental model | Hosadurga et al. [16] |
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Camellia sinensis | Extract containing Catechin | Topical | Rattus norvegicus (male) | Injecting E. coli (LPS) and S. griseus (proteases)/56 days | Not evaluated | Did not reduce ABC/histology | Reduced inflammatory cell infiltration and levels of TNF-α in the periodontal lesion | Maruyama et al. [19] |
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Spatholobus suberectus | Aqueous extract | Oral | Mus musculus (male) | Injecting P. gingivalis /42 days | In vitro antibacterial activity against P. gingivalis | Reduced ABC/Stereo | Not evaluated | Toyama et al. [20] |
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Carapa guianensis | Andiroba oil | Oral | Rattus norvegicus (male) | Cotton ligature/50 days | Not evaluated | Did not reduce ABC/histology | Reduced the quantity of inflammatory cells in histology | Carmona et al. [21] |
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Protium heptaphyllum | α-amyrin and β-amyrin | Oral | Rattus norvegicus (male) | Nylon ligature/1 day | Not evaluated | Not evaluated | Reduced gingival TNF-α levels and MPO activity | Holanda Pinto et al. [22] |
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Camellia sinensis | Extract containing Catechin | Oral | Rattus norvegicus (male) | Nylon ligature/7, 14, and 28 days | Not evaluated | Reduced ABC/histology | Reduced in vivo levels of TNF-α | Cho et al. [23] |
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Ipomoea alba | Mixture of dichloromethane and methanol extract | Topical | Rattus norvegicus (male) | Cotton ligature/11 days | In vitro antibacterial activity against S. mutans and E. faecalis | Did not reduce ABC/Stereo | Not evaluated | Barrella et al. [24] |
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Lippia sidoides and Myracrodruon urundeuva | Mixture of leaf essential oil and hydroalcoholic solution from bark | Topical | Rattus norvegicus (male) | Nylon ligature/11 days | Prevented the growth of oral microorganisms from gingival tissue | Reduced ABC/histology | Reduced MPO activity and inhibited TNF-α and IL-1β production in gingival tissue | Botelho et al. [25] |
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Lippia sidoides | Carvacrol | Topical | Rattus norvegicus (male) | Nylon ligature/11 days | Prevented the growth of oral microorganisms from gingival tissue | Reduced ABC/AFM | Reduced MPO activity in gingival tissue | Botelho et al. [26] |
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Hypericum Perforatum | Methanolic extract | Oral | Rattus norvegicus (male) | Silk ligature /8 days | Not evaluated | Reduced ABC/Stereo | Reduced inflammatory cell infiltration, vascular permeability, expression of NF-κB, and MPO activity in gingivomucosal tissue | Paterniti et al. [27] |
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Cordia verbenacea | Essential oil | Topical | Rattus norvegicus (male) | Cotton ligature/11 days | Reduced in vivo frequency of P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans | Reduced ABC/histology | Increment in the in vivo levels of IL-10 | Pimentel et al. [28] |
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Camellia sinensis | Extract containing Catechin | Topical | Rattus norvegicus (male) | Injecting E. coli (LPS)/10 and 20 days | Not evaluated | Reduced ABC/histology | Reduced inflammatory cell infiltration | Yoshinaga et al. [29] |
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Theobroma cacao | Cocoa extract containing flavonoids | Oral | Rattus norvegicus (male) | Cotton ligature/28 days | Not evaluated | Reduced ABC/histology | Reduced/oxidized glutathione ratio and neutrophil infiltration | Tomofuji et al. [30] |
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Mikania laevigata | Ethanol extract | Subcutaneous | Rattus norvegicus (male) | Nylon ligature/30 days | Not evaluated | Reduced the furcation region/histology | Reduced neutrophil accumulation in the gingival tissue | Benatti et al. [31] |
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Pimpinella anisum, Illicium verum, and Anethum foeniculum | Anethole | Intraperitoneal | Rattus norvegicus (male) | Injecting E. coli (LPS)/10 days | Not evaluated | Not evaluated | Reduced serum levels of IL-1β and TNF-α | Moradi et al. [32] |
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Curcuma spp. | Modified curcumin | Gavage | Rattus norvegicus (male) | Injecting E. coli (LPS)/14 days | Not evaluated | Reduced ABC/Stereo, and µCT | Reduced serum level of IL-1β | Elburki et al. [33] |
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Syringa vulgaris | Product of fermentation | Oral | Rattus norvegicus (male) | Silk ligature/8 days | Not evaluated | Reduced ABC/Stereo | Reduced NF-κB and iNOS expression, MPO activity, and other inflammatory parameters in gingivomucosal tissue | Paola et al. [34] |
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Ginkgo biloba | Ginkgo biloba extract | Oral | Rattus norvegicus (male) | Silk ligature/11 days | Not evaluated | Reduced ABC/histology | Not evaluated | Sezer et al. [35] |
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Curcuma spp. | Curcumin | Gavage | Rattus norvegicus (male) | Cotton ligature/15 days | Not evaluated | Did not reduce ABC/µCT | Reduced the inflammatory cell infiltrate to gingival tissue | Guimarães et al. [36] |
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