Research Article

Effect of Surgical Installation of Dental Implants on Surface Topography and Its Influence on Osteoblast Proliferation

Figure 4

Representative images of the implants prior to placement (a–c) and after removal from the bone (d–f). Although the images are very similar qualitatively in both conditions, it is possible to observe discrete deformation (arrow, (f)) and residue (arrow, (d)) on the implant surface after insertion/removal (A). Surface treatment in some implants appears not effective in covering all regions, such as those indicated by the arrow in Figure 4(b), which has a different surface topography. When the thread tops were seen at higher magnification, their surface morphology was very similar across all implants (g–i). After insertion (A), minimal changes may be noticed, suggesting small plastic deformation in surface irregularities for the three different implants (j–l).
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