β₂-Microglobulin and Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin, Potential Novel Urine Biomarkers in Periodontitis: A Cross-Sectional Study in Japanese

Figure 2

Comparison of the concentration of urine biomarkers among groups classified by the severity of periodontitis. (a) β₂-MG/Cre. (b) α₁-MG/Cre. (c) NGAL/Cre. Results are shown as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). The whole subjects were classified by the severity of periodontitis according to the criteria of the CDC/AAP as described in Materials and Methods. The number of subjects in each group was as follows. Severe periodontitis: ; moderate periodontitis: ; no or mild periodontitis: . The significance of differences of urine biomarkers was determined by Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Bonferroni correction. Values statistically significant at . NGAL, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; β₂-MG, β₂-microglobulin; α₁-MG, α₁-microglobulin; Cre, creatinine.

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