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| Authors/date of submission (2020) | Basis of diagnosis | Sex | Age (y) | Underlying disease s | General/extraoral symptoms | Chief complaint | Oral manifestation | Outcome | Additional information |
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| Chaux-Bodard et al./April 11 [6] | Nasopharyngeal swab on day 8 | F | 45 | NS | (i) Erythematous painful toe lesion, 3 d after oral lesion, painful for 2 d
(ii) Mild asthenia | | 1 d painful inflamed lingual papilla, 1 d red macula, and finally asymptomatic tongue ulcer | (i) Complete healing after 10 d | (i) COVID-19 vasculitis could be responsible for oral macule
(ii) Oral/skin lesions were the first signs, and general symptoms were minimal |
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| Martín Carreras-Presas et al./April 20 [5] | Bilateral pneumonia | F | 65 | Obesity and hypertension, took diuretics and ACE inhibitor | (i) High fever, diarrhea, bilateral pneumonia
(ii) Developed rash under breasts, back, and genitalia (3rd week) | (i) Tongue pain from the beginning
(ii) Skin rash 23 d later | Ex: blisters on internal labial mucosa and desquamative gingivitis 30 d later | Improvement within 3 d after treatment with mouthwash and prednisolone | Biopsy: some criteria suggestive of viral exanthema or urticarial dermatitis with discrete blood extravasation |
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| Putra et al./April 11 [8] | Oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal swab, PCR (day 3 of symptoms) | M | 29 | None | (i) Fever, sore throat, back pain, myalgia, dry cough, 1st-3rd days
(ii) Lymphopenia and neutrophilia, (2nd day)
(iii) Multiple lenticular red papules (3 mm) on extremities with pins and needles sensation (day 3 | General symptoms | (i) Aphthous stomatitis, day 7 | (i) Skin lesions on day 6 of symptoms, darkening on day 7
(ii) Pins/needles sensation resolve on day 8
(iii) Oral lesions resolve on day 10
(iv) All symptoms gone except dry cough on day 11
(v) Rhinorrhea and anosmia appear on days 12–14 | Hand, foot, and mouth disease was rejected based on clinical manifestations and age |
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| Hedou et al./April 21 (accepted) [9] | Nasopharyngeal PCR | NS | Respiratory problems leading to intubation | NS | Oral HSV-1 reactivation during illness | Patient alive | Admitted to intensive care |
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| Galván Casas et al./April 28 (accepted) [7] | Lab confirmation | M | NS | Maculopapular eruptions, other symptoms NS | NS | Desquamative gingivitis-like lesions, petechiae on the lower lip, and erythema on the palate | NS | Appearance of oral lesions is described based on the images provided by the authors and not the authors’ statements |
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| Sakaida et al. /April 29 [10] | PCR negative 8 d after oral/skin lesions, turned positive 11 d after oral/skin lesions | F | 52 | NS | Initially had erythematous skin/oral lesions but after 8 d developed high fever, cough, chills, fatigue, dyspnea, WBC and CRP, lymphopenia, neutrophilia, and opacity in lower lung lobes on CT | Itchy erythema on limbs, erosions on lips, and buccal mucosa | Erosions on lips and buccal mucosa 2 d after antibiotic and NSAID | Transferred to an intensive care unit in another hospital | Skin biopsy showed deep lymphocytic infiltrations, which are not typical in drug eruptions |
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| Jimenez-Cauhe et al./May 5 (accepted) [11] | NS | F | 58–77 | NS | Erythema multiforme skin lesions | NS | Palatal macules and petechiae | 2-3 w after corticosteroid treatment | In at least 2 of them, skin rashes appeared after discharge and their CRP, D-dimer, and lymphocyte count worsened; at least one of them was negative for infectious diseases |
| F |
| F |
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| Aghazadeh et al./May 7 (received) [12] | Nasopharyngeal swab RT-PCR | F | 9 | None | (i) Weakness, loss of appetite, fever, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and red edematous papules and plaques on dorsal hands and feet
(ii) Dry cough, tachypnea, hypoxia, and somnolence | Malaise and oral/skin eruptions | Ex: vesicles, erosions, and herpetiform eruptions on lips, anterior tongue, and buccal mucosa | General symptoms improved in a few weeks, mucocutaneous eruption resolved in about a week | (i) HFMD was rejected due to acral eruption
(ii) No targetoid lesion or drug-intake history
(iii) PCR for HSV not performed
(iv) Oral/skin lesions preceded conventional COVID-19 symptoms |
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| Ansari et al./May 11 [13] | Nasopharyngeal swab PCR | F | 56 | Diabetes mellitus | Fever and dyspnea | Sores in the mouth on 5th day of general symptoms | Ex: multiple painful ulcers on red nonbleeding background on the entire hard palate | Healing 1 w later, no scarring | (i) Negative HSV1/2 AB
(ii) Biopsy: desquamation, edema, granulation, ulceration, mononuclear cell invasion, and neutrophil infiltration secondary to bacteria |
| Nasopharyngeal swab PCR | M | 75 | Hypertension | Hypoxia upon admission | Dysphasia 1 w after admission | Ex: multiple painful ulcers on red nonbleeding background the on anterior tongue |
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| Askin et al./May 14 [14] | RT-PCR or chest CT | NS | NS | Ex: enanthema and aphthous stomatitis | NS |
| M | Ex: aphthous stomatitis on lateral tongue |
| NS | Ex: rash and enanthema |
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| Llamas-Velasco et al./May 20 (available online) [15] | Nasopharyngeal swab | F | 59 | None | Fever, dry cough, dyspnea, bilateral interstitial pneumonia | NS | Vesicles and punched out perioral erosions | NS | Combination of HSV-1, HSV-6, and EBV based on a herpesvirus family microarray PCR of the vesicle fluid |
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| Fernandez-Nieto et al./May 27 (received date) [16] | Nasopharyngeal swab for SARS-CoV-2 | M | 69 | None | Bilateral interstitial pneumonia (ICU admittance) | NS | Orolabial recurrent herpes simplex | NS | Vesicular content: HSV-1 + (multiplex herpes PCR), SARS-CoV-2-(RT-PCR) |
| F | 96 | Hypertension, chronic kidney disease, hyperuricemia | Bilateral interstitial pneumonia | Vesicular content: HSV-1 + (multiplex herpes PCR), SARS-CoV-2-(RT-PCR) |
| F | 77 | Primary biliary cholangitis, Alzheimer | Bilateral interstitial pneumonia | Vesicular content: HSV-1 + (multiplex herpes PCR) |
| M | 65 | Hypertension, dyslipidemia | Bilateral interstitial pneumonia (ICU admittance) | Vesicular content: HSV-1 + (multiplex herpes PCR) |
| M | 38 | Colorectal cancer with chemotherapy | Bilateral interstitial pneumonia | Vesicular content: HSV-1 + (multiplex herpes PCR) |
| M | 61 | None | Bilateral interstitial pneumonia (ICU admittance) | Vesicular content: HSV-1 + (multiplex herpes PCR) |
| F | 45 | None | Bilateral interstitial pneumonia | |
| M | 76 | Hypertension, dyslipidemia | Bilateral interstitial pneumonia | |
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| Amorim Dos Santos et al./May 29 [17] | Nasopharyngeal swab, RT-PCR | M | 67 | Revascularized respiratory disease, hypertension, ADPKD, and kidney transplant
Regular intake of immunosuppressants and use of pharmacological prophylaxis for venous pulmonary thromboembolism | (i) Respiratory symptoms, progressive dyspnea on exertion, fever, and diarrhea (10 d before admission)
(ii) Bilateral diffuse hyperdense “ground-glass” infiltrations on chest CT, upon admission
(iii) No skin lesions | General symptoms and hypogeusia (admission) | Ex: viscous saliva, persistent white plaque, and pinpoint yellowish ulcers on dorsal tongue similar to late-stage herpetic recurrent lesions
(i) Tongue scrape culture showed Saccharomyces cerevisiae (24 d postadmission)
(ii) Severe asymptomatic geographic and fissured tongue 2 w after drug prescription
Photograph: asymptomatic moderate geographic tongue and tonsillar erythema 10 d postdischarge | (i) Lingual white plaque remained after oral nystatin and IV fluconazole in the hospital
(ii) Near complete resolution of white tongue lesions after 2 w chlorhexidine, hydrogen peroxide, oral hygiene care, and continuation of antifungals | (i) Received supplemental O2 and orotracheal intubation |
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| Soares et al./June 2 [18] | PCR | M | 42 | Diabetes and hypertension | (i) Fever, cough, shortness of breath
(ii) Petechiae -like, vesiculobullous skin lesions (unknown etiology) | Painful ulceration in buccal mucosa | Ex: ulcerations and multiple reddish macules scattered throughout the hard palate, tongue, and lips | Complete resolution of oral lesions after 3 w | Biopsy: epithelial vacuolization, chronic inflammation, focal necrosis, hemorrhage, vessel thrombi, and CD3+ and CD8+ infiltration of minor salivary glands |
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| Ciccarese et al./June 2 [19] | Nasopharyngeal swab, RT-PCR | F | 19 | None | (i) Ex: afebrile, red macules, papules, and petechiae on lower extremities
(ii) WBC and lymphocytes and thrombocytopenia | Fever/sore throat for 7 d, fatigue, hyposmia, and skin/oral/pharyngeal lesions (day 5) | Ex: erosions, ulcerations, and hemorrhagic crusts on labial mucosae
(i) Petechiae on palate and gingiva | (i) Regression of systemic lesions, day 5 after treatment
(ii) Complete resolution of oral and cutaneous lesions on day 10 | (i) Thrombocytopenia seen from initial stages—petechial lesions probably due to severe thrombocytopenia, triggered by SARS‐CoV‐2, worsened by cefixime |
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| Cebeci Kahraman and Çaşkurlu/June 4 [20] | 2 positive rapid COVID-19 IgM tests 1 d apart | M | 51 | None | (i) Fever, fatigue, dry cough, sore throat, and taste and smell issues | Sore throat, which worsened 10 d after symptom onset | (i) Ex: erythema on oropharynx and hard palate, midline petechiae, soft palate pustular enanthema (border) | Resolved after a few days of antibiotic therapy | (i) COVID-19 IgM+ and IgG+ after 2 w,
(ii) PCR was negative 2 w + 2 d after isolation and all symptoms resolved |
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| Tomo et al./July 2 (received) [21] | Nasopharyngeal swab, PCR | F | 37 | None | Fever, asthenia, anosmia | Worsening of dysgeusia, burning tongue, and dry mouth on day 9 | (i) Dysgeusia, burning tongue, and dry mouth for 3 d
(ii) Telemedically (day 9): diffuse erythema and depapillation with red spots on lingual borders, no lesion on the palate | Symptomless. 2 w after COVID-19 onset and treatments | |
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| Cant et al./July 3 (published online) [22] | NS | M | 9 | Severe dystonia and epilepsy | Fever, malaise, and GI upset | Swollen lip and oral ulcer 2nd time in 2 w, each followed by fever, malaise, and GI upset | Swollen lip and oral ulcerations | Improvement 3 d after hydrocortisone treatment | (i) Eight other children with the same oral lesions before pediatric multisystem inflammatory syndrome associated with COVID-19, in the same unit |
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| Díaz Rodríguez et al./July 22 (accepted manuscript) [23] | PCR | F | 43 | NS | Fever, malaise, dysgeusia, anosmia, diarrhea, pneumonia, risk of thrombosis, based on lab test | Aphthous-like lesions, burning sensation | Photograph: aphthous-like lesions, progressive tongue depapillation | Disappearance of ulcers and burning 10 d after triamcinolone rinse but not the depapillation | |
| Positive for SARS-CoV-2, method not specified | M | 53 | Hospital admission | Burning mouth, unilateral commissural fissures, anosmia, and dysgeusia | Ex: commissural cheilitis | Angular cheilitis, but not anosmia and dysgeusia, disappeared after antibiotics, nystatin, and hygiene measure | Oral manifestations were found few days after hospital discharge |
| Positive for SARS-CoV-2, method not specified | F | 78 | NS | Hospital admission | Dry mouth sensation | Ex: angular cheilitis and pseudomembranous candidiasis-like lesions on tongue, palate, and lip commissure | Angular cheilitis and pseudomembranous lesions disappeared after nystatin and antibiotics, dry mouth improved after solutions/gels prescription | Symptoms appeared since hospitalization |
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| Glavina et al./August 9 (accepted online) [24] | PCR | F | 40 | Frequent recurrent herpes labialis eruption | Weakness, fever, and acute loss of taste | Malaise, fever, ageusia, oral pain,andburning7 d after diagnosis | Telemedically: recurrent palatal HSV, white hairy tongue, nonspecific white lateral tongue lesion | Healing after 3 w and double-negative PCR | |
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