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| Criteria for detection of procedural errors |
| Criteria | Definition |
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| Ledge formation | The obturation was at least 1 mm shorter than the working length and deviated from the original canal shape in teeth where root canal curvature occurred |
| Apical transportation | In the apical third, the obturation was located on the outside curve of the canal |
| Apical perforation | The apical termination of the filled canal was different from the original canal terminus or when the obturation extruded through the apical foramen |
| Root perforation | Extrusion of canal obturation in any other area of a root except the furcation area and the inner wall of the root |
| Strip perforation | Extrusion of canal obturation in the lateral (inner) wall of the root canal |
| Presence of fractured instrument | A fractured instrument was detected inside a root canal or with its tip extending into the periapical area |
| Furcation perforation | Extrusion of filling material through the furcation area in multi-rooted teeth |
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| Criteria for evaluation of technical quality of root canal treatment |
| Length of root canal filling | Adequate | End of root canal filling is either at or ≤ 2 mm from radiographic apex |
| Inadequate | Root canal filling is either too short (more than 2 mm from the radiographic apex) or extends beyond the radiographic apex |
| Density of root canal filling | Adequate | No voids are visible within the root canal filling or between the filling and the canal walls |
| Inadequate | Voids are visible within the root canal filling or between the filling and the canal walls |
| Presence of procedural errors | Present | One or more procedural errors are detected |
| Non present | No procedural errors detected |
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