Risk Factors for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in a Large Population of Women Living in Spain: Implications for Preventative Strategies

Table 2

Number of women with gestational, personal and family medical history for the 2194 women enrolled in the study, according to the diagnosis of GDM.

Ethnicity	History	Events	GDM				𝑃 value
			No		Yes
			𝑁	%	𝑁	%
Caucasian Spanish	Gestational history	None	815	76.4	88	66.2	0.002
		One	233	21.8	37	27.8
		More than one	13	1.2	7	5.3
		Unknown	6	0.6	1	0.8
	Personal Medical history	None	955	89.5	110	82.7	0.028
		One	101	9.5	19	14.3
		More than one	5	0.5	3	2.3
		Unknown	6	0.6	1	0.8
	Family Medical history	None	310	37.5	30	36.1	0.101
		One	276	33.4	19	22.9
		More than one	236	28.5	33	39.8
		Unknown	5	0.6	1	1.2
Caucasian non-Spanish	Gestational history	None	76	62.8	8	61.5	0.158
		One	41	33.9	3	23.1
		More than one	1	0.8	1	7.7
		Unknown	3	2.5	1	7.7
	Personal medical history	None	110	90.9	12	92.3	0.871
		One	6	5.0	1	7.7
		More than one	1	0.8	0	0
		Unknown	4	3.3	0	0
	Family medical history	None	53	54.6	8	72.7	0.399
		One	29	29.9	1	9.1
		More than one	11	11.3	2	18.2
		Unknown	4	4.1	0	0
Hispanic	Gestational history	None	394	57.0	24	44.4	0.024
		One	250	36.2	21	38.9
		More than one	19	2.7	5	9.3
		Unknown	28	4.1	4	7.4
	Personal medical history	None	574	83.1	35	66.0	0.008
		One	80	11.6	10	18.9
		More than one	7	1.0	2	3.8
		Unknown	30	4.3	6	11.3
	Family medical history	None	333	56.1	16	43.2	0.296
		One	156	26.3	12	32.4
		More than one	75	12.6	5	13.5
		Unknown	30	5.1	4	10.8
African	Gestational history	None	23	54.8	5	62.5	0.791
		One	17	40.5	3	37.5
		More than one	2	4.8	0	0
		Unknown	0	0	0	0
	Personal medical history	None	39	92.9	5	62.5	0.015
		One	3	7.1	3	37.5
		More than one	0	0	0	0
		Unknown	0	0	0	0
	Family medical history	None	20	57.1	1	14.3	0.052
		One	13	37.1	4	57.1
		More than one	2	5.7	2	28.6
		Unknown	0	0	0	0
Asian	Gestational history	None	20	71.4	2	100	0.377
		One	8	28.6	0	0
		More than one	0	0	0	0
		Unknown	0	0	0	0
	Personal medical history	None	26	92.9	2	100	0.696
		One	2	7.1	0	0
		More than one	0	0	0	0
		Unknown	0	0	0	0
	Family medical history	None	15	65.2	0	0	—
		One	4	17.4	0	0
		More than one	4	17.4	0	0
		Unknown	0	0	0	0
Other	Gestational history	None	18	64.3	0	0	0.082
		One	7	25.0	2	100
		More than one	0	0	0	0
		Unknown	3	10.7	0	0
	Personal medical history	None	20	71.4	2	100	0.677
		One	5	17.9	0	0
		More than one	0	0	0	0
		Unknown	3	10.7	0	0
	Family medical history	None	10	47.6	0	0	—
		One	3	14.3	0	0
		More than one	6	28.6	0	0
		Unknown	2	9.5	0	0