Change of Body Composition and Adipokines and Their Relationship with Insulin Resistance across Pubertal Development in Obese and Nonobese Chinese Children: The BCAMS Study

Table 1

Anthropometric and metabolic characteristics of the children and adolescents according to sex and weight status.

	Boys			Girls
	Normal weight	Over weight	Obesity	Normal weight	Over weight	Obesity
𝑛	608	305	703	892	308	407
Age (years)	11.7 ± 0.1	12.7 ± 0.2	11.3 ± 0.1	12.4 ± 0.1^c	12.9 ± 0.2	11.3 ± 0.1
BMI (kg/m^2)	17.7 ± 0.1	23.3 ± 0.2^a	26.9 ± 0.1^ab	18.1 ± 0.1^c	23.5 ± 0.1^a	25.9 ± 0.2^abc
BMI-𝑧^∗	−1.02 ± 0.02	0.04 ± 0.02^a	0.90 ± 0.02^ab	−0.7 ± 0.02^c	0.5 ± 0.02^ac	1.2 ± 0.04^abc
FAT%	16.6 ± 0.2	24.6 ± 0.3^a	28.8 ± 0.2^ab	19.9 ± 0.2^c	31.0 ± 0.3^ac	34.4 ± 0.3^abc
Waist circumference (cm)	63.3 ± 0.3	78.3 ± 0.5^a	85.8 ± 0.4^ab	62.2 ± 0.2^c	74.0 ± 0.4^ac	79.6 ± 0.5^abc
SBP (mmHg)	102.5 ± 0.5	113.9 ± 0.8^a	116.0 ± 0.5^ab	101.4 ± 0.4^c	108.7 ± 0.6^ac	110.8 ± 0.6^abc
DBP (mmHg)	64.1 ± 0.4	69.9 ± 0.6^a	72.2 ± 0.4^ab	64.3 ± 0.3	69.1 ± 0.4^a	70.9 ± 0.4^ab
TC (mmol/L)	4.03 ± 0.03	4.01 ± 0.04	4.11 ± 0.03	4.18 ± 0.03^c	4.04 ± 0.04^a	4.02 ± 0.04^a
TG (mmol/L)*	0.79 ± 0.02	1.07 ± 0.03^a	1.12 ± 0.02^ab	0.96 ± 0.02^c	1.03 ± 0.03^a	1.18 ± 0.03^a
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.54 ± 0.01	1.33 ± 0.02^a	1.27 ± 0.01^ab	1.52 ± 0.01	1.34 ± 0.01^a	1.27 ± 0.01^ab
LDL-C (mmol/L)	2.40 ± 0.03	2.51 ± 0.04	2.65 ± 0.02^ab	2.55 ± 0.03^c	2.56 ± 0.04	2.57 ± 0.03
Glucose (mmol/L)	5.10 ± 0.02	5.16 ± 0.02	5.16 ± 0.02	4.95 ± 0.01^c	5.05 ± 0.03^ac	5.09 ± 0.02^ac
Insulin (mU/L)*	6.20 ± 0.17	10.53 ± 0.44^a	13.81 ± 0.37^ab	7.38 ± 0.16^c	11.73 ± 0.40^ac	15.10 ± 0.50^abc
Leptin (ng/mL)*	1.7 ± 0.10	7.8 ± 0.52^a	15.3 ± 0.45^ab	5.3 ± 0.19^c	14.6 ± 0.61^a	20.4 ± 0.69^abc
Adiponectin (ug/mL)*	15.1 ± 0.35	11.4 ± 0.41^a	10.3 ± 0.22^a	15.0 ± 0.26	11.6 ± 0.33^a	10.6 ± 0.26^a
HOMA-IR*	1.43 ± 0.04	2.47 ± 0.11^a	3.21 ± 0.09^ab	1.65 ± 0.04^c	2.66 ± 0.09^a	3.45 ± 0.11^abc

Data showing means with standard error (SE). *Skewed distributions were logarithmically transformed for comparison. Two-sample t-test for comparison between girls and boys in each BMI-stratified group and one-way ANOVA were used to compare characteristics across three weight groups in each sex; ^a𝑃<0.05 compared with normal weight (WT) group in the same sex; ^bP < 0.05 compared with overweight groups in the same sex; ^c𝑃<0.05 compared between boys and girls in the same weight group. SBP: systolic blood pressure, DBP: diastolic blood pressure, TG: triglyceride, TC: total cholesterol, HDL-C: high density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C: low density lipoprotein cholesterol, HOMA-IR: homoeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance.