A Simple Matter of Life and Death—The Trials of Postnatal Beta-Cell Mass Regulation

Table 1

Hormones, growth factors, and other factors regulating beta-cell mass.

	Inhibitors	Stimulators
Metabolites	Glucose, FFA	Glucose, FFA, amino acids
Cytokines	IL-1, IFN-g, TNF-a, leptin	GH, PRL, PL
Growth factor family	HGF	IGF-I, IGF-II, insulin, TGF-a, betacellulin, HB-EGF, aFGF, VEGF, PDGF, HGF
Placental hormones		placental lactogen, prolactin
Glucagon family		GLP-1, GIP, glucagon
Somatostatin family	Somatostatin
CGRP family	IAPP/amylin
Gastrin family		Gastrin, CCK
TGF-b family	TGF-b, follistatin	Activin A
Neurotrophins		NGF, NT-3
Neurotransmitters	(Nor)epinephrine	Acetylcholine
Lectins		Reg/INGAP/PSP/PTP
Adhesion molecules		Integrin a6b1, Cx43, Cx36
Drugs	Diazoxide	Nicotinamide, SU
Toxins	Streptozotocin, alloxan

Modified from Nielsen et al. [29]. aFGF, acidic fibroblast growth factor; CCK, cholecystokinin; Cx. Connexin; HB-EGF, heparin-binding EGF-like protein; HGF, hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor; IAPP, islet amyloid polypeptide; IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; INGAP, islet neogenesis- associated peptide; NGF, nerve growth factor; NT-3, neurotrophin-3; PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor; PSP, pancreatic stone protein; PTP, pancreatic thread protein; SU, sulfonylurea; TGF, transforming growth factor; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.