Markers of Sleep-Disordered Breathing and Prediabetes in US Adults

Table 2

Association between sleep variables and prediabetes.

Sleep variables	Number at risk (% prediabetes)	Age, sex adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)	Multivariable-adjusted odds ratio* (95% CI)
Sleep duration (hours)
≤5 hrs	840 (35.2)	1.40 (1.15–1.71)	1.19 (0.97–1.46)
6 hrs	1332 (34.0)	1.23 (1.03–1.47)	1.17 (0.96–1.42)
7 hrs	1676 (30.0)	1 (referent)	1 (referent)
8 hrs	1485 (29.0)	0.95 (0.78–1.15)	0.94 (0.77–1.14)
≥9 hrs	352 (30.8)	1.13 (0.71–1.81)	1.06 (0.64–1.74)
P-trend		0.005	0.07
Frequency of snoring
Never or rarely	2860 (25.8)	1 (referent)	1 (referent)
Occasionally	1072 (33.8)	1.39 (1.17–1.64)	1.24 (1.04–1.47)
Frequently	1753 (38.5)	1.55 (1.33–1.82)	1.21 (1.02–1.43)
P-trend		<0.0001	0.02
Frequency of snorting
Never or rarely	5034 (29.9)	1 (referent)	1 (referent)
Occasionally	341 (41.5)	1.42 (1.05–1.92)	1.24 (0.92–1.68)
Frequently	310 (42.4)	1.51 (1.12–2.04)	1.22 (0.91–1.63)
P-trend		0.001	0.07
Frequency of daytime sleepiness
Never or rarely	3287 (32.0)	1 (referent)	1 (referent)
Sometimes	1482 (30.3)	1.01 (0.84–1.22)	1.00 (0.82–1.21)
Often and almost always	916 (30.9)	1.17 (0.98–1.39)	1.11 (0.92–1.33)
P-trend		0.14	0.37
Sleep summary score
0	2146 (25.8)	1 (referent)	1 (referent)
1	2228 (33.1)	1.34 (1.14–1.57)	1.14 (0.96–1.35)
2	974 (35.4)	1.46 (1.21–1.76)	1.18 (0.97–1.43)
≥3	337 (44.2)	2.32 (1.78–3.04)	1.69 (1.28–2.22)
P-trend		<0.0001	0.0007

*Adjusted for age (years), sex (men, women), race-ethnicity (non-Hispanic whites, non-Hispanic blacks, Mexican Americans, others), education (<high school, high school, >high school), smoking (never, former, current), current alcohol consumption (absent, present), moderate physical activity (times/week), BMI (kg/m²), depression (absent, present), systolic BP (mm Hg), CRP (mg/dL), and total cholesterol (mg/dL).