Arginine 16 Glycine Polymorphism in β2-Adrenergic Receptor Gene Is Associated with Obesity, Hyperlipidemia, Hyperleptinemia, and Insulin Resistance in Saudis
Table 2
Comparisons of clinical parameters amongst normal-weight, overweight, and obese males and females (from [28]).
Variables
Sex*
Normal weight (n = 115) mean ± SE
Overweight (n = 68) mean ± SE
Obese (n = 146) mean ± SE
P value
Cholesterol (mmol/L)
M
3.31 ± 0.07
4.4 ± 0.15
4.1 ± 0.11
0.0001
F
3.5 ± 0.05
4.05 ± 0.12
4.5 ± 0.09
T
3.43 ± 0.04
4.19 ± 0.09
4.4 ± 0.07
Triglyceride (mmol/L)
M
0.79 ± 0.05
1.15 ± 0.08
1.43 ± 0.07
0.0001
F
0.72 ± 0.05
1.03 ± 0.06
1.24 ± 0.04
T
0.74 ± 0.02
1.082 ± 0.05
1.302 ± 0.04
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)
M
1.28 ± 0.06
1.21 ± 0.07
1.08 ± 0.04
F
1.34 ± 0.04
1.17 ± 0.05
1.06 ± 0.03
0.0001
T
1.32 ± 0.03
1.19 ± 0.04
1.07 ± 0.024
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)
M
1.58 ± 0.09
2.25 ± 0.15
2.4 ± 0.11
0.0001
F
1.53 ± 0.06
1.94 ± 0.11
2.6 ± 0.07
T
1.55 ± 0.05
2.07 ± 0.89
2.56 ± 0.06
Leptin (ng/mL)
M
3.10 ± 0.17**
9.91 ± 0.38**
17.6 ± 0.86**
0.0001
F
12.20 ± 0.40**
22.84 ± 0.97**
44.60 ± 1.85**
T
9.42 ± 0.48
17.51 ± 0.97
36.13 ± 1.67
Fasting insulin (pmol/L)
M
62.60 ± 4.23
67.07 ± 5.27
111.90 ± 5.6
0.0001
F
54.85 ± 2.33
75.84 ± 6.26
103.30 ± 3.64
T
57.21 ± 2.09
72.23 ± 4.28
106.03 ± 3.07
HOMA-IR
M
1.96 ± 0.14
2.4 ± 0.21
3.8 ± 0.18
0.0001
F
1.66 ± 0.08
2.2 ± 0.17
3.37 ± 0.13
T
1.75 ± 0.07
2.35 ± 0.14
3.45 ± 0.11
Fasting glucose (mmol/L)
M
4.84 ± 0.07
5.16 ± 0.05
5.06 ± 0.09
0.0001
F
4.65 ± 0.05
4.97 ± 0.08
5.06 ± 0.06
T
4.71 ± 0.041
5.051 ± 0.057
5.06 ± 0.05
Note: Values are mean ± SEM. Abbreviations—BMI: body mass index; W/H: waist hip ratio; M: male; F: female; T: total; *Statistically significant difference between the male and female. *Total number: control: male = 35; female = 80; total = 115. *Total overweight: male = 28; female = 40; total = 68. *Total obese: male = 46; female = 100; total = 146. SE: standard error of the mean, **: the difference in the results of males and females is statistically significant.
