Nerium oleander Distillate Improves Fat and Glucose Metabolism in High-Fat Diet-Fed Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats

Table 4

Values of HOMA-IR, HOMA-β, insulin, leptin, and liver enzymes of groups at the end of the experimental period.

Groups	Insulin; pmol/L	Leptin; ng/mL	HOMA-IR	HOMA-β; %	ALP; U/L	AST; U/L	ALT; U/L
C	40.77±5.90^a	2.61±0.17^a	2.13±0.28^ab	25.97±6.19^ab	125.00±4.43^a	130.00±9.59^ab	33.60±2.71^a
CNO-10	29.31±2.22^a	2.36±0.57^a	1.32±0.34^a	30.08±7.08^b	172.00±17.51^abc	120.00±12.96^ab	40.00±6.93^ab
HF	44.10±10.07^a	2.85±0.43^a	2.89±0.69^ab	22.83±4.43^ab	145.60±9.17^ab	118.67±3.21^ab	40.00±2.83^ab
NO-0.1	75.91±15.00^a	2.89±0.24^a	6.65±1.69^b	27.91±8.53^b	204.00±13.88^abc	134.18±5.16^ab	44.44±1.94^ab
NO-1	73.13±9.51^a	2.45±0.52^a	6.81±0.90^b	24.90±6.92^ab	202.00±19.99^abc	127.00±10.90^ab	42.80±4.22^ab
NO-10	66.60±7.64^a	2.26±0.46^a	5.64±0.89^ab	21.64±2.63^ab	218.67±22.00^bc	111.00±7.04^a	41.00±2.48^ab
D	134.59±24.72^b	4.91±0.64^b	18.45±3.83^c	7.65±1.31^a	376.00±50.23^d	146.00±18.41^b	52.00±3.43^b
G	49.45±2.15^a	4.71±0.96^b	7.24±1.83^b	8.20±2.01^a	250.86±29.13^c	118.67±4.00^ab	51.00±3.68^b
P	𝑃<0.0001	𝑃<0.01	𝑃<0.0001	𝑃<0.05	𝑃<0.0001	𝑃<0.05	𝑃<0.05

Values are mean ± SEM.
^a,b,cMeans with different superscript letters within a column are significantly different from each other at P value (Duncan’s test) which is represented at the end of same column. 𝑃<0.05, significant, 𝑃<0.01 and 𝑃<0.001, highly significant.
HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR=[fastinginsulin(𝜇IU/mL)×(fastingglucose(mmol/L)]/22.5); HOMA-β: homeostasis model assessment of beta cell function (HOMA-𝛽(%)=(20×fastinginsulin(𝜇U/mL)/{fastingglucose(mmol/L)−3.5}).ALP: alkaline phosphatase, AST: aspartate transaminase, ALT: alanine transaminase.
After 2-week feeding of high fat diet, diabetes was induced in fasted animals by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (35 mg/kg bw) dissolved in citrate buffer (pH 4.5) [11].
C: healthy control, normal diet; CNO-10: healthy control, normal diet, and NO distillate at a dose of 375 μg/0.5 mL of distilled water/d; HF: healthy control high fat diet; NO-0.1: type 2 diabetic, high fat diet, and NO distillate at a dose of 3.75 μg/0.5 mL of distilled water/d; NO-1: type 2 diabetic, high fat diet, and NO distillate at a dose of 37.5 μg/0.5 mL of distilled water/d; NO-10: type 2 diabetic, high fat diet, and NO distillate at a dose of 375 μg/0.5 mL of distilled water/d; D: type 2 diabetic, high fat diet; G: Type 2 diabetic, high fat diet, and glibenclamide at a dose of 0.6 mg/kg bw/0.5 mL of distilled water/d.