Sarcopenic Obesity and Endocrinal Adaptation with Age

Figure 1

Obesity-induced changes in adipokine secretion and the development of insulin resistance in sarcopenic muscle. Expansion of adipose tissue in obesity leads to increased macrophage infiltration and inflammation with enhanced production of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-𝛼 and IL-6. This is accompanied by a dysregulated secretion of leptin and adiponectin. These adipocyte- and macrophage-derived adipokines elicit a variety of adverse effects on numerous tissues including the hypothalamus, liver, pancreas, and skeletal muscle. On the systemic level, altered adipokine secretion can lead to increased food intake and reduced energy expenditure through actions in the hypothalamus and to decreased muscle insulin sensitivity.