The Role of “Mixed” Orexigenic and Anorexigenic Signals and Autoantibodies Reacting with Appetite-Regulating Neuropeptides and Peptides of the Adipose Tissue-Gut-Brain Axis: Relevance to Food Intake and Nutritional Status in Patients with Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa

Table 1

Summary of the most relevant changes of adipose tissue-gut-brain axis plasma peptides stimulating appetite and autoantibodies against acylated ghrelin before and after refeeding in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN), and the presence of autoantibodies against neuropeptide Y (NPY) and ghrelin in healthy women and autoantibodies against NPY in depressive disorder. Immunoglobulin (Ig) M, IgG, and IgA classes.

Peptides stimulating hunger and food intake and autoantibodies against peptides and autoantibodies against neurotransmitters	AN		BN
	Acute phase	Weight restored	Acute phase	Recovered
NPY	→ ↑ ↓	→ ↓	↑ →	→ ↑
NPY (response to test meal)	blunted		↓/blunted
NPY (response to the exercise)			↑
Autoantibodies against NPY in healthy women (IgG, IgA)
Autoantibodies against NPY in depressive disorder (IgG↓)
Ghrelin	↑	↑ →	→ ↑	→
Ghrelin (response to test meal)	↓/blunted		↓/blunted
Ghrelin (response to the exercise)			↓
Autoantibodies against ghrelin in healthy  women  (IgG, IgA)
Autoantibodies against acylated ghrelin (IgM)	↓	↑
Autoantibodies against dopamine, dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, and serotonin (IgG, IgM)			↓

↑: higher than healthy controls, ↓: lower than healthy controls, and →: not different from healthy controls.