Assessment and Molecular Actions of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals That Interfere with Estrogen Receptor Pathways

Table 2

Biological recognition elements and transducers usually used in the development of biosensors.

Biological recognition elements

Transducers

(i) Cells; (ii) Membranes; (iii) Nucleic acids; (iv) Protein: (a) Antibodies; (b) Enzymes; (c) Membrane   receptors; (d) Nuclear    receptors; (e) Peptides

(i) Optical; (a) Fluorescence (BRET, FRET,  fluorescence anisotropy ⋯); (b) Colorimetry; (c) Surface plasmon resonance (SPR); (d) Reflectometric interference  spectroscopy (RfIS); (ii) Electrochemical; (a) Amperometric; (b) Conductimetry; (c) Potentiometry; (iii) Piezoelectric; (a) Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM); (iv) Thermal; (a) Differential scanning  microcalorimetry (DSC); (b) Isothermal microcalorimetry (ITC).