Research Article
Gut Microbiota, Microinflammation, Metabolic Profile, and Zonulin Concentration in Obese and Normal Weight Subjects
Table 3
The comparison of zonulin concentrations in groups according to different parameters (mean and 95% confidential interval).
| | | Zonulin (ng/mL) | |
| | Gender | | | | Females; | 7.1 (6.4–7.7) | | | Males; | 6.7 (5.5–8.0) | Ns |
| | Diet | | | Total energy intake < 2093 kcal/d;
| 6.3 (5.5–7.0) | | Total energy intake ≥ 2095 kcal/d;
| 7.8 (7.0–8.6) | | | Fat < 41%; | 7.2 (6.3–8.1) | | | Fat ≥ 41%; | 6.8 (6.1–7.6) | Ns | | Carbohydrates < 44%; | 6.9 (6.0–7.8) | | | Carbohydrates ≥ 44%; | 7.2 (6.4–7.9) | Ns | | Fiber g/1000 kcal < 7.7; | 7.0 (6.3–7.7) | | | Fiber g/1000 kcal ≥ 7.7; | 7.2 (3.9–10.4) | Ns |
| | Lipid profile | | | Total cholesterol < 200 mg/dL;
| 6.8 (6.1–7.5) | | Total cholesterol ≥ 200 mg/dL;
| 7.1 (6.1–8.1) | Ns | HDL < 40 (M) and <50 mg/dL (F);
| 7.2 (6.3–8.1) | | HDL ≥ 40 (M) and ≥50 mg/dL (F);
| 6.7 (5.9–7.5) | Ns | | LDL < 135 mg/dL; | 6.4 (5.6–7.1) | | | LDL ≥ 135 mg/dL; | 7.4 (6.5–8.2) | Ns | | Triglycerides < 150 mg/dL; | 7.3 (6.1–8.5) | | | Triglycerides ≥ 150 mg/dL; 20 | 6.8 (6.1–7.5) | Ns |
| | Insulin resistance | | | | Insulin level > 15.4 µU/mL; | 7.4 (6.3–8.4) | | | Insulin level ≤ 15 µU/mL; | 6.6 (5.8–7.5) | Ns | | HOMA ≥ 2.49; | 7.6 (6.2–9.0) | | | HOMA < 2.49; | 6.5 (5.7–7.3) | Ns | | Glucose ≥ 100 mg/dL; | 8.2 (5.9–9.7) | | | Glucose < 100 mg/dL; | 7.0 (4.7–8.9) | Ns |
| | Bacterial content | | | | Total bacterial count < 2829; | 6.4 (5.6–7.3) | | | Total bacterial count ≥ 2829; | 7.5 (6.6–8.4) | Ns | | Bacteroides count < 800; | 6.6 (5.7–7.5) | | | Bacteroides count ≥ 800; | 7.4 (6.6–8.1) | Ns | | Firmicutes count < 585, | 6.9 (6.2–7.7) | | | Firmicutes count ≥ 585; | 7.1 (6.2–8.0) | Ns | | Bacteroides < 26%; | 7.1 (6.1–8.0) | | | Bacteroides ≥ 26%; | 6.7 (5.9–7.6) | Ns | | Firmicutes < 22%; | 7.3 (6.4–8.1) | | | Firmicutes ≥ 22%; | 6.6 (5.8–7.5) | Ns | Firmicutes/Bacteroides index < 1.1;
| 6.9 (5.9–7.8) | | Firmicutes/Bacteroides index ≥ 1.1;
| 7.1 (6.4–7.9) | Ns |
| | Inflammatory markers | | | | TNF-α < 1.45 pg/mL; | 7.2 (6.2–8.1) | | | TNF-α ≥ 1.45 pg/mL; | 6.7 (5.8–7.6) | Ns | | sTNFR1 < 1510 pg/mL; | 6.2 (5.2–7.2) | | | sTNFR1 ≥ 1510 pg/mL; | 7.6 (6.8–8.3) | | | sTNFR2 < 3103 pg/mL; | 6.5 (5.6–7.3) | | | sTNFR2 ≥ 3103 pg/mL; | 7.3 (6.4–8.3) | Ns | | IL-6 < 1.6 pg/mL, | 6.8 (5.9–7.7) | | | IL-6 ≥ 1.6 pg/mL; | 7.0 (6.1–8.0) | Ns | | Haptoglobin < 1.42 µg/mL; | 6.1 (5.3–6.9) | | | Haptoglobin ≥ 1.42 µg/mL, | 7.8 (6.9–8.8) | |
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