Granulocyte Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor Supplementation in Culture Media for Subfertile Women Undergoing Assisted Reproduction Technologies: A Systematic Review

Table 2

Outcome parameters: GM-CSF versus control.

Embryo cell number (72 hrs)

Normal embryo development on day 3

Embryos reaching blastocyst stage

Hatching initiation of blastocysts

Total cell number in blastocysts; (day 5)

Mitotic index

Mean number of apoptotic cells in blastocyst/TUNEL clusters

Embryos reaching morula stage

Clinical pregnancy rate

Chromosomal constitution of embryos

Implantation rate

Live birth rate

Sjöblom et al., 1999 [3]

76% versus 30%

78% versus 47%

35% higher with GM-CSF

80% increase in GM-CSF treatment

Kim et al., 2001 [4]

35% versus 24%

Sjöblom et al., 2001 [5]

3.5±1.7 versus 3.3±1.3

2.8±1.4; versus 5.6±3.0

Shapiro et al., 2003 [6]

6.1 versus 5.8

50% increase in GM-CSF group

47% versus 50%

32% versus 25%

Agerholm et al., 2010 [7]

50% versus 28.1%

34.8% versus 33.3%

Origio website, 2011 [8]

24.5% versus 17%

29.6% versus 23.1% (per cycle); 22.3% versus 17.4% (per embryo transfer)