International Journal of Endocrinology

Review Article

The Effects of Exercise Training on Obesity-Induced Dysregulated Expression of Adipokines in White Adipose Tissue

Table 1

Effects of exercise training on expression of adipokines in white adipose tissue.

(a) Animal studies


Citation	Experimental animals	Exercise program	Diet restriction	Duration of intervention	WAT used in experiment	Effects of TR on expression of adipokines in WAT	Changes of body mass (BM), body mass index (BMI), fat mass (FM), and % body fat mass (% BFM)

Zachwieja et al. [23]	Diet-induced obesity sensitive rats	Voluntary wheel running	None	7 weeks	Epididymal and inguinal WAT	Epididymal WAT Leptin mRNA: decrease () Inguinal WAT Leptin mRNA: decreasing trend	Epididymal and inguinal FM: decrease
Zachwieja et al. [23]	Diet-induced obesity resistant rats	Voluntary wheel running	None	7 weeks	Epididymal and inguinal WAT	Epididymal WAT Leptin mRNA: decrease () Inguinal WAT Leptin mRNA: decreasing trend	Epididymal and inguinal FM: decrease

Gollisch et al. [24]	Rats chow diet	Voluntary wheel running	None	4 weeks	Visceral and subcutaneous WAT	Visceral WAT Leptin mRNA: decrease () TNF-α mRNA and protein: NS MCP-1 mRNA: NS Adiponectin mRNA: NS IL-6 mRNA: NS Subcutaneous WAT Leptin mRNA: NS TNF-α mRNA and protein: increase () MCP-1 mRNA: NS Adiponectin mRNA: NS IL-6 mRNA: increase ()	BM: NS; Visceral and subcutaneous FM: decrease
Gollisch et al. [24]	Rats HFD	Voluntary wheel running	None	4 weeks	Visceral and subcutaneous WAT	Visceral WAT Leptin mRNA: decrease () TNF-α mRNA and protein: NS MCP-1 mRNA: NS Adiponectin mRNA: NS IL-6 mRNA: NS Subcutaneous WAT Leptin mRNA: decrease () TNF-α mRNA: increase () TNF-α protein: NS MCP-1 mRNA: NS Adiponectin mRNA: decrease () IL-6 mRNA: increase ()	BM: decrease; Visceral and subcutaneous FM: decrease

Bradley et al. [25]	Mice chow diet	Voluntary wheel running	None	10 weeks (exercise: 6 weeks)	Perigonadal and mesenteric WAT	Perigonadal WAT TNF-α mRNA: decrease () MCP-1 mRNA: decrease () Mesenteric WAT MCP-1 mRNA: decrease ()	BM and FM: decrease
Bradley et al. [25]	Mice HFD	Voluntary wheel running	None	10 weeks (exercise: 6 weeks)	Perigonadal and mesenteric WAT	Perigonadal WAT TNF-α mRNA: decrease () MCP-1 mRNA: decrease () Mesenteric WAT MCP-1 mRNA: decrease ()	BM and FM: decrease

Vieira et al. [26]	Mice HFD	Treadmill running for 40 min/day on 5 times/week at 65–70% O₂ max	None	18 weeks (exercise: 6 or 12 weeks)	Epididymal and retroperitoneal WAT	Exercise for 6 weeks Leptin mRNA: decreasing trend TNF-α mRNA: NS MCP-1 mRNA: NS Exercise for 12 weeks Leptin mRNA: decreasing trend TNF-α mRNA: decrease () MCP-1 mRNA: decrease ()	Exercise for 6 weeks BM and epididymal FM: decrease Exercise for 12 weeks BM and epididymal FM: decrease

Sakurai et al. [27]	Rats chow diet	Treadmill running on 5 times/week. On the first day of training, all rats ran for 30 min at 15 m/min, and then running time and velocity were extended until rats were running for 90 min at 30 m/min.	None	9 weeks	Epididymal WAT	TNF-α protein: decrease ()	BM and epididymal FM: decrease

Sakurai et al. [28]	Rats chow diet	Treadmill running on 5 times/week. On the first day of training, all rats ran for 30 min at 15 m/min, and then running time and velocity were extended until rats were running for 90 min at 30 m/min.	None	9 weeks	Epididymal, retroperitoneal, and subcutaneous WAT	Epididymal adipocyte TNF-α mRNA: decrease () MCP-1 mRNA: decrease () Epididymal WAT TNF-α protein: decrease () MCP-1 protein: decrease () Retroperitoneal WAT TNF-α protein: decreasing trend MCP-1 protein: decrease () Subcutaneous WAT TNF-α protein: NS MCP-1 protein: decrease ()	BM: decrease epididymal, retroperitoneal, and subcutaneous % BFM: decrease

Lira et al. [29]	Rats chow diet	Treadmill running on 5 times/week at 55–65% O₂ max. On the first day of training, all rats ran for 30 min. On the subsequent days of training, running time was extended 10 min each day until rats were running 60 min/day.	None	9 weeks	Retroperitoneal and mesenteric WAT	Retroperitoneal WAT TNF-α protein: NS Mesenteric WAT TNF-α protein: increase ()	BM and retroperitoneal FM: decrease Mesenteric FM: NS

Nara et al. [30]	Rats high-sucrose diet	Voluntary wheel running	None	4 and 12 weeks	Mesenteric and subcutaneous WAT	Mesenteric WAT Exercise for 4 and 12 weeks TNF-α mRNA: increase () TNF-α protein: increase () Subcutaneous WAT Exercise for 4 and 12 weeks TNF-α mRNA: NS TNF-α protein: NS	Exercise for 4 weeksBM: NS Mesenteric and subcutaneous FM: NS Exercise for 12 weeks BM: NS Mesenteric and subcutaneous FM: decrease

Miyazaki et al. [31]	Rats chow diet	Treadmill running on 5 times/week. On the first day of training, all rats ran for 30 min at 15 m/min, and then running time and velocity were extended until rats were running for 90 min at 30 m/min.	None	9 weeks	Epididymal, retroperitoneal, and inguinal WAT	Epididymal adipocyte Leptin mRNA: NS Adiponectin mRNA: increase () Retroperitoneal adipocyte Leptin mRNA: NS Adiponectin NS Inguinal adipocyte Leptin mRNA: NS Adiponectin mRNA: increase ()	BM: decrease epididymal, retroperitoneal, and inguinal FM: decrease

(b) Human studies


Citation	Subjects	Exercise program	Diet restriction	Duration of intervention	WAT used in experiment	Effects of TR on expression of adipokines in WAT	Changes of body mass (BM), body mass index (BMI), fat mass (FM), and % body fat mass (% BFM)

Christiansen et al. [32]	Obese exercise (9 m, 10 f)	Aerobic exercise for 65–75 min on 3 times/week (energy expenditure of 500–600 kcal/session)	None	12 weeks	Abdominal subcutaneous WAT	Leptin mRNA: NS TNF-α mRNA: NS MCP-1 mRNA: NS Adiponectin mRNA: increase () IL-6 mRNA: NS	BM and BMI: NS Changes in body weight after intervention were 3.5%

Christiansen et al. [32]	Obese exercise + hypocaloric diet (10 m, 11 f)	Same as above	Very low energy diet (800 kcal/day) for 8 weeks followed by a weight maintenance diet for 4 weeks	12 weeks	Abdominal subcutaneous WAT	Leptin mRNA: decrease () TNF-α mRNA: NS MCP-1 mRNA: NS Adiponectin mRNA: increase () IL-6 mRNA: NS	BM and BMI: NS changes in body weight after intervention were 11.1%
Christiansen et al. [32]	Obese hypocaloric diet (10 m, 9 f)	None	Very low energy diet (600 kcal/day) for 8 weeks followed by a weight maintenance diet for 4 weeks	12 weeks	Abdominal subcutaneous WAT	Leptin mRNA: decrease () TNF-α mRNA: NS MCP-1 mRNA: NS Adiponectin mRNA: increase () IL-6 mRNA: NS	BM and BMI: NS changes in body weight after intervention were 10.5%

Bruun et al. [33]	Obese (11 m, 12 f)	Exercise training consisted of at least 2-3 h of moderate intensity physical activity (e.g., walking, swimming, aerobics) on 5 times/week	Hypocaloric diet calculated to reduce the subject’s body weight by ~1%/week	15 weeks	Abdominal subcutaneous WAT	TNF-α mRNA: decrease () MCP-1 mRNA: NS Adiponectin mRNA: increase () IL-6 mRNA: decrease ()	BM, BMI, and FM: decrease

Results are reported as mean ± SD or SE; P value reported for sedentary control group versus exercise trained group or pre- versus postvalues. f: female; HFD: high fat diet; m: male; NS: not significant; O₂ max: maximal oxygen uptake; WAT: white adipose tissue.