The Effects of Exercise Training on Obesity-Induced Dysregulated Expression of Adipokines in White Adipose Tissue

Table 4

Effects of exercise training on human blood levels of adiponectin.

Citation	𝑛, gender	Group	Exercise program	Diet restriction	Duration of intervention	Preadiponectin (μg/mL)	Postadiponectin (μg/mL)	P value	Changes of body mass (BM), body mass index (BMI), fat mass (FM), and % body fat mass (% BFM)
Aerobic exercise
Blüher et al. [65]	9 m, 11 f	Normal glucose tolerance	Exercise training consisted of 20 min of warming and cool-down periods,; 20 min of running or biking, and 20 min of swimming on 3 times/week	None	4 weeks	8.7 ± 0.6	9.8 ± 0.6	𝑃<0.01	BM, BMI, and % BFM: decrease
	9 m, 11 f	Impaired glucose tolerance	Same as above	None	4 weeks	3.4 ± 0.26	6.7 ± 0.7	𝑃<0.001	BM, BMI, and % BFM: decrease
	11 m, 9 f	T2DM	Same as above	None	4 weeks	3.5 ± 0.4	6.5 ± 0.6	𝑃<0.001	BM, BMI, and % BFM: decrease
Oberbach et al. [66]	9 m, 11 f	Normal glucose tolerance	Exercise training consisted of 20 min warming and cool-down periods,; 20 min of running or biking, and 20 min of powertraining	None	4 weeks			NS	BM, BMI, and % BFM: decrease
	9 m, 11 f	Impaired glucose tolerance	Same as above	None	4 weeks		Increase	𝑃<0.001	BM, BMI, and % BFM: decrease
	11 m, 9 f	T2DM	Same as above	None	4 weeks		Increase	𝑃<0.001	BM, BMI, and % BFM: decrease
Boudou et al. [38]	8 m	T2DM control	None	None	8 weeks	7.30 ± 2.55	7.05 ± 2.10	NS	BM and BMI: NS; visceral and; subcutaneous adipose tissue area (cm^2): NS
	8 m	T2DM exercise	Endurance exercise (75% VO2 peak, 45 min) twice a week, with intermittent exercise (five 2 min exercises at 85% VO2 peak separated by 3 min exercises at 50% VO2 peak) once a week, on a cycle ergometer	None	8 weeks	6.30 ± 2.75	6.00 ± 3.50	NS	BM and BMI: NS; visceral and; subcutaneous adipose tissue area (cm^2): decrease
O'Leary et al. [67]	4 m, 7 f	Older insulin-resistant exercise + hypocaloric diet	Aerobic exercise for 60 min at 80–85% HRM on 5 times/week	Diet with total energy content calculated to; reduce body weight by 10–15% (~1,300 kcal/day).	12 weeks	7.6 ± 0.9	6.6 ± 1.0	NS	BM, BMI, and FM: decrease
	3 m, 7 f	Older insulin-resistant exercise + eucaloric diet	Same as above	Weight maintenance diet that consisted of their usual food consumption (~1,800 kcal/day)		7.7 ± 1.2	6.8 ± 1.6	NS	BM, BMI, and FM: decrease
Polak et al.; [42]	25 f	Obese premenopausal	Aerobic exercise (aerobic exercise performed in gymnasium and cycleergometer) for 45 min on 5 times/week at 50% V̇O2 max	None	12 weeks	10.9 ± 6.1	10.0 ± 4.4	NS	BM, BMI, and % BFM: decrease
Nassis et al.; [68]	21 f	Overweight/obese girls	Aerobic training for 40 min (10 min of warm up, 25 min of physical training games, and 5 minutes of cool down) on 3 times/week	None	12 weeks	9.57 ± 3.01	9.08 ± 2.32	NS	BM, BMI, and % BFM: NS
Christiansen et al. [32]	9 m, 10 f	Obese exercise	Aerobic exercise for 65–75 min on 3 times/week (energy expenditure of 500–600 kcal/session)	None	12 weeks			NS	BM and BMI: NS; Changes in body weight after intervention were 3.5%
	10 m, 11 f	Obese exercise + hypocaloric diet	Same as above	Very low energy diet (800 kcal/day) for 8 weeks followed by a weight maintenance diet for 4 weeks	12 weeks		Increase	𝑃<0.05	BM and BMI: NS; Changes in body weight after intervention were 11.1%
	10 m, 9 f	Obese hypocaloric diet	None	Very low energy diet (600 kcal/day) for 8 weeks followed by a weight maintenance diet for 4 weeks	12 weeks		Increase	𝑃<0.05	BM and BMI: NS; Changes in body weight after intervention were 10.5%
Bruun et al. [33]	11 m, 12 f	Obese	Exercise training consisted of at least 2-3 h of moderate intensity physical activity (e.g., walking, swimming, aerobics) on 5 times/week	Hypocaloric diet calculated to reduce the subject’s body; weight by ~1%/week	15 weeks	5.2 ± 0.6	6.9 ± 0.5	𝑃<0.001	BM, BMI, and FM: decrease
Hulver et al. [69]	8 m, 3 f	Nonobese exercise	Treadmill walking/running, stair climbing, and cycling for 45 min at 65–80% V̇O2 max on 4 times/week	None	6 months	6.3 ± 1.5	6.6 ± 1.8	NS	BM, BMI, and FM: NS
	3 m, 11 f	Obese weight loss	None	Gastric bypass surgery	6 months	4.4 ± 0.8	13.6 ± 2.2	𝑃<0.05	BM and BMI: decrease
Kondo et al. [45]	8 f	Nonobese control	None	None	7 months	8.3 ± 1.5	8.2 ± 2.3	NS	BM, BMI: NS; FM and % BFM: decrease
	8 f	Obese	Exercise training (fast slope walking, slope jogging, dumbbells, stretching, leg cycling, jumping rope) for 30–60 min at 60–70% HRM on 4-5 times/week	None	7 months	2.4 ± 1.3	4.2 ± 1.2	𝑃<0.01	BM, BMI, FM, and % BFM: decrease
Hsieh and Wang [48]	22 m, 30 f	Younger T2DM	Endurance exercise for 20 min at 50–74% HRM	Subjects were prescribed a diet with 500 kcal/day deficit.	1 year	4.13 ± 0.88	5.47 ± 0.59	𝑃=0.04	BMI, and % BFM: decrease
	20 m, 30 f	Older T2DM	Same as above	Same as above	1 year	4.26 ± 0.97	6.56 ± 0.86	𝑃=0.03	BMI, and % BFM: decrease
Resistance exercise
Fatouros et al. [50]	10 m	Overweight elderly control	None	None	24 weeks	7.22 ± 2.7	7.84 ± 3.5	NS	BM and BMI: NS
	14 m	Overweight elderly low-; intensity RT	Resistance training for approximately 60 min on 3 times/week at 45–50% of 1RM	None	24 weeks	7.45 ± 2.3	8.48 ± 2.2	NS	BM: NS; BMI: decrease
	12 m	Overweight elderly moderate-; intensity RT	Resistance training for approximately 60 min on 3 times/week at 60–65% of 1RM	None	24 weeks	7.79 ± 1.4	9.48 ± 1.1	𝑃<0.05	BM: NS; BMI: decrease
	14 m	Overweight elderly high-; intensity RT	Resistance training for approximately 60 min on 3 times/week at 80–85% of 1RM	None	24 weeks	7.04 ± 1.6	11.36 ± 1.6	𝑃<0.05	BM: NS; BMI: decrease

Results are reported as mean ± SD or SE; P value reported for pre- versus post values. f: female; HRM: heart rate maximum; m: male; NS: not significant; RM: repetition maximum; RT: resistance training T2DM: type 2 diabetes; V̇O₂ max: maximal oxygen uptake.