The Effects of Exercise Training on Obesity-Induced Dysregulated Expression of Adipokines in White Adipose Tissue

Table 5

Effects of exercise training on human blood levels of IL-6.

Citation	𝑛, gender	Group	Exercise program	Diet restriction	Duration of intervention	Pre-IL-6 (pg/mL)	Post-IL-6　(pg/mL)	P value	Changes of body mass (BM), body mass index (BMI), fat mass (FM), and % body fat mass (% BFM)
Oberbach et al. [66]	9 m, 11 f	Normal glucose tolerance	Exercise training consisted of 20 min warming and cool-down periods,; 20 min of running or biking, and 20 min of powertraining	None	4 weeks			NS	BM, BMI, and %BFM: decrease
	9 m, 11 f	Impaired glucose tolerance	Same as above	None	4 weeks			NS	BM, BMI, and % BFM: decrease
	11 m, 9 f	T2DM	Same as above	None	4 weeks			NS	BM, BMI, and % BFM: decrease
Polak et al.; [42]	25 f	Obese premenopausal	Aerobic exercise (aerobic exercise performed in gymnasium and cycleergometer) for 45 min on 5 times/week at 50% V̇O2 max	None	12 weeks	3.1 ± 3.7	1.4 ± 1.5	NS	BM, BMI, and % BFM: decrease
Nassis et al.; [68]	21 f	Overweight/obese girls	Aerobic training for 40 min (10 min of warm up, 25 min of physical training games, and 5 minutes of cool down) on 3 times/week	None	12 weeks	1.67 ± 1.29	1.65 ± 1.25	NS	BM, BMI, and % BFM: NS
Bruun et al. [33]	11 m, 12 f	Obese	Exercise training consisted of at least 2-3 h of moderate intensity physical activity (e.g., walking, swimming, aerobics) on 5 times/week	Hypocaloric diet calculated to reduce the subject’s body; weight by ~1%/week	15 weeks	4.6 ± 0.6	3.4 ± 0.6	𝑃<0.01	BM, BMI, and FM: decrease
Kohut et al.; [62]	40	Overweight aerobic exercise with or without β-blocker treatment	Aerobic exercise for 45 min on 3 times/week	None	10 months		Decrease	Significant treatment × time interaction. 𝑃<0.05	BMI: NS
	47	Overweight flexibility/strength exercise with or without β-blocker treatment	Flexibility/strength exercise for 45 min on 3 times/week	None	10 months			NS	BMI: NS
Nicklas et al. [63]	Base line: 70; 6 months: 63: 18 months: 60	Overweight or obese older control	None	None	18 months	4.7 ± 3.2	Changes; 0.19 ± 2.8; (6 months); 0.27 ± 2.8; (18 months)	NS	BM: NS
	Base line: 67; 6 months: 58: 18 months: 53	Overweight or obese exercise	Exercise program consisted of an aerobic phase (15 min), a resistance-training phase (15 min), a second aerobic phase (15 min), and a cool-down phase (15 min) on 3 times/week.	None	18 months	4.4 ± 3.1	Changes; 0.15 ± 1.8; (6 months); 0.02 ± 2.4; (18 months)	NS	BM: NS
	Base line: 71; 6 months: 63: 18 months: 53	Overweight or obese dietary WL	None	Counseling to decrease their energy intake by 500 kcal/day	18 months	4.7 ± 3.4	Changes; −0.51 ± 2.1; (6 months); −0.71 ± 2.4; (18 months)	Main effect of WL, 𝑃=0.009	BM: decrease
	Base line: 64; 6 months: 58; 18 months: 53	Overweight or obese exercise + dietary WL	Exercise program consisted of an aerobic phase (15 min), a resistance-training phase (15 min), a second aerobic phase (15 min), and a cool-down phase (15 min) on 3 times/week.	Same as above	18 months	4.9 ± 3.0	Changes; −0.35 ± 2.15; (6 months); −0.35 ± 1.8; (18 months)	Main effect of WL, 𝑃=0.009	BM: decrease

Results are reported as mean ± SD or SE; P value reported for pre- versus post values. f: female; HRM: heart rate maximum; m: male; NS: not significant; WL: weight loss.