The Association between IGF-1 Polymorphisms, IGF-1 Serum Levels, and Cognitive Functions in Healthy Adults: The Amsterdam Growth and Health Longitudinal Study
Table 2
Mean unadjusted and adjusted* scores on cognitive measures per genotype of IGF-1 promoter region ().
Homozygotic
Heterozygotic
Noncarrier
Unadjusted
PAL
Total error adjusted, mean (SD)
12.80 (8.7)
15.40 (13.5)
13.71 (11.9)
0.22a
Total error 8-box adjusted, mean (SD)
10.01 (7.5)
12.01 (11.8)
9.58 (8.4)
0.21a
Total trials, mean (SD)
9.14 (2.5)
9.75 (3.1)
9.35 (3.2)
0.25a
SWM
Between errors, mean (SD)
17.28 (14.6)
15.14 (11.9)
18.52 (16.5)
0.30a
Within errors mean (SD)
1.94 (3.4)
1.81 (2.8)
1.90 (2.2)
0.94a
Total errors, mean (SD)
18.23 (15.3)
16.15 (12.3)
19.52 (16.9)
0.34a
Strategy, mean (SD)
29.79 (6.2)
29.22 (6.4)
29.19 (7.4)
0.77a
IQ
GIT, mean (SD)
108.32 (13.4)
106.86 (13.0)
109.00 (13.3)
0.58b
NLV, mean (SD)
99.61 (8.1)
100.19 (9.3)
102.23 (8.0)
0.34b
Adjusted
*
PAL
Total error adjusted, mean (SE)
12.86 (1.1)
15.36 (1.0)
13.50 (2.1)
0.24a
Total error 8-box adjusted, mean (SE)
10.06 (1.0)
11.98 (0.9)
9.39 (1.8)
0.22a
Total trials, mean (SE)
9.15 (0.3)
9.74 (0.2)
9.26 (0.5)
0.27a
SWM
Between errors, mean (SE)
17.04 (1.2)
15.28 (1.1)
18.53 (2.4)
0.36a
Within errors mean (SE)
1.92 (0.3)
1.83 (0.3)
1.97 (0.5)
0.96a
Total errors, mean (SE)
17.98 (1.3)
16.31 (1.2)
19.57 (2.5)
0.40a
Strategy, mean (SE)
29.67 (0.6)
29.29 (0.5)
29.28 (1.1)
0.88a
IQ
GIT, mean (SE)
108.34 (1.2)
106.89 (1.1)
109.50 (2.4)
0.51b
NLV, mean (SE)
99.43 (0.8)
100.31 (0.7)
102.40 (1.5)
0.23b
PAL: paired associates learning, SWM: spatial working memory, GIT: Groninger intelligentietest test (Groninger intelligence test), and NLV: Nederlandse Leestest voor Volwassenen (Dutch reading test for adults).
aBased on multivariate analysis of variance.
bBased on univariate analysis of variance.
*Adjusted for age, gender, and BMI.
