Rare Mutations of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma: Frequencies and Relationship with Insulin Resistance and Diabetes Risk in the Mixed Ancestry Population from South Africa
Table 3
Generalized linear regression models showing the effects of genes on markers of insulin resistance/sensitivity.
Allele
Phenotype
Overall
No diabetes
Diabetes
interaction
Effects size (95% CI)
Effects size (95% CI)
Effects size (95% CI)
PPARG (rs3856806)T
Fasting glucose
−0.140 (−0.480 to 0.199)
0.417
0.0002 (−0.112 to 0.112)
0.996
−0.606 (−1.934 to 0.722)
0.372
0.092
2 h glucose
−0.114 (−0.494 to 0.266)
0.557
−0.098 (−0.341 to 0.144)
0.426
−0.147 (−2.826 to 2.533)
0.915
0.847
HbA1c
−0.018 (−0179 to 0.143)
0.826
0.034 (−0.031 to 0.099)
0.303
−0.211 (−0.829 to 0.407)
0.504
0.164
Fasting insulin
−0.915 (−3.362 to 1.533)
0.464
0.022 (−1.420 to 1.463)
0.976
−4.516 (−13.448 to 4.416)
0.323
0.125
2 h insulin
−1.716 (−11.818 to 8.386)
0.739
0.408 (−9.473 to 10.289)
0.936
−20.212 (−62.232 to 21.807)
0.348
0.190
Glucose/insulin
−0.488 (−1.905 to 0.929)
0.500
−0.083 (−1.258 to 1.091)
0.890
−1.743 (−6.271 to 2.785)
0.451
0.334
HOMA-IR
−0.437 (−1.481 to 0.608)
0.413
0.021 (−0.327 to 0.368)
0.907
−2.228 (−6.336 to 1.880)
0.289
0.076
QUICKI
0.001 (−0.006 to 0.009)
0.738
0.0008 (−0.008 to 0.010)
0.851
0.004 (−0.009 to 0.016)
0.564
0.752
FIRI
−0.393 (−1.333 to 0.547)
0.413
0.019 (−0.294 to 0.332)
0.907
−2.005 (−5.703 to 1.692)
0.289
0.076
Models are adjusted for age, sex, and diabetes. FIRI: fasting insulin resistance index; HOMA-IR: homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; PPARG: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma; QUICKI: the quantitative insulin-sensitivity check index.
