Research Article
Glycemic Control Outcomes by Gender in the Pay-for-Performance System: A Retrospective Database Analysis in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Table 2
Patient characteristics, self-management measurements, and diabetes therapy by gender at the most recent follow-up visit.
| | | Male | Female | | | HbA1c (%) | HbA1c (%) | | |
<6.5 |
6.5–<7.0 |
7.0–8.0 |
>8.0 |
Sum | | df | |
<6.5 |
6.5–<7.0 |
7.0–8.0 |
>8.0 |
Sum | | df | | | | No. | (%) | No. | (%) | No. | (%) | No. | (%) | No. | (%) | No. | (%) | No. | (%) | No. | (%) | No. | (%) | No. | (%) |
| | Age group (yrs) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 14.095 | 9 | 0.119 | | | | | | | | | | | 7.749 | 9 | 0.560 | | 20–44 | 25 | (29.8) | 12 | (14.3) | 16 | (19.0) | 31 | (36.9) | 84 | (8.4) |
| |
| 9 | (16.4) | 7 | (12.7) | 16 | (29.1) | 23 | (41.8) | 55 | (5.4) | | | | | 45–54 | 33 | (16.8) | 35 | (17.8) | 57 | (28.9) | 72 | (36.5) | 197 | (19.7) |
| |
| 14 | (10.1) | 15 | (10.8) | 45 | (32.4) | 65 | (46.8) | 139 | (13.6) | | | | | 55–64 | 59 | (17.6) | 48 | (14.3) | 101 | (30.1) | 128 | (38.1) | 336 | (33.6) |
| |
| 39 | (12.5) | 40 | (12.8) | 96 | (30.8) | 137 | (43.9) | 312 | (30.5) | | | | | >65 | 62 | (6.2) | 75 | (19.6) | 102 | (26.6) | 144 | (37.6) | 383 | (38.3) |
| |
| 85 | (16.5) | 72 | (14.0) | 160 | (31.0) | 199 | (38.6) | 516 | (50.5) | | | | | Total | 179 | (17.9) | 170 | (17.0) | 276 | (27.6) | 375 | (37.5) | 1000 | (100.0) |
| |
| 147 | (14.4) | 134 | (13.1) | 317 | (31.0) | 424 | (41.5) | 1022 | (100.0) | | | | | Years of CSMUH care |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 21.056 | 3 | <0.001 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 17.007 | 3 | 0.001 | | 0–5 | 159 | (20.7) | 133 | (17.3) | 196 | (25.6) | 279 | (36.4) | 767 | (76.7) |
| |
| 124 | (16.0) | 107 | (13.8) | 248 | (32.0) | 295 | (38.1) | 774 | (75.7) |
| |
| | 6–10 | 20 | (8.6) | 37 | (15.9) | 80 | (34.3) | 96 | (41.2) | 233 | (23.3) |
| |
| 23 | (9.3) | 27 | (10.9) | 69 | (27.8) | 127 | (51.2) | 248 | (24.3) |
| |
| | Total | 179 | (17.9) | 170 | (17.0) | 276 | (27.6) | 375 | (37.5) | 1000 | (100.0) |
| |
| 147 | (14.4) | 134 | (13.1) | 317 | (31.0) | 424 | (41.5) | 1022 | (100.0) |
| |
| | Duration of diabetes (yrs) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 63.792 | 9 | <0.001 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 74.161 | 9 | <0.001 | | 0–5 | 80 | (32.0) | 44 | (17.6) | 67 | (26.8) | 59 | (23.6) | 250 | (25.0) |
| |
| 59 | (25.1) | 48 | (20.4) | 69 | (29.4) | 59 | (25.1) | 235 | (23.3) |
| |
| | 6–10 | 53 | (16.3) | 59 | (18.2) | 92 | (28.3) | 121 | (37.2) | 325 | (32.5) |
| |
| 39 | (13.8) | 38 | (13.5) | 94 | (33.3) | 111 | (39.4) | 282 | (28.0) |
| |
| | 11–15 | 27 | (11.8) | 36 | (15.7) | 59 | (25.8) | 107 | (46.7) | 229 | (22.9) |
| |
| 29 | (11.7) | 24 | (9.7) | 80 | (32.3) | 115 | (46.4) | 248 | (24.6) |
| |
| | ≥16 | 16 | (8.8) | 30 | (16.6) | 52 | (28.7) | 83 | (45.9) | 181 | (18.1) |
| |
| 16 | (6.6) | 23 | (9.5) | 69 | (28.5) | 134 | (55.4) | 242 | (24.0) |
| |
| | Total | 176 | (17.6) | 169 | (16.9) | 270 | (27.0) | 370 | (37.0) | 1000 | (100.0) |
| |
| 143 | (14.2) | 133 | (13.2) | 312 | (31.0) | 419 | (41.6) | 1007 | (100.0) |
| |
| | Education level |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 10.884 | 12 | 0.539 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 5.220 | 12 | 0.950 | | Illiteracy | 12 | (15.4) | 12 | (15.4) | 19 | (24.4) | 35 | (44.9) | 78 | (8.4) |
| |
| 38 | (14.7) | 38 | (14.7) | 82 | (31.8) | 100 | (38.8) | 258 | (27.3) |
| |
| | Elementary school | 53 | (17.7) | 53 | (17.7) | 90 | (30.0) | 104 | (34.7) | 300 | (32.3) |
| |
| 52 | (14.5) | 43 | (12.0) | 115 | (32.1) | 148 | (41.3) | 358 | (37.9) |
| |
| | Junior high | 29 | (19.3) | 22 | (14.7) | 43 | (28.7) | 56 | (37.3) | 150 | (16.1) |
| |
| 20 | (14.9) | 15 | (11.2) | 41 | (30.6) | 58 | (43.3) | 134 | (14.2) |
| |
| | Senior high | 44 | (18.7) | 34 | (14.5) | 71 | (30.2) | 86 | (36.6) | 235 | (25.3) |
| |
| 20 | (14.6) | 17 | (12.4) | 40 | (29.2) | 60 | (43.8) | 137 | (14.5) |
| |
| | College degree or higher | 32 | (19.2) | 38 | (22.8) | 36 | (21.6) | 61 | (36.5) | 167 | (18.0) |
| |
| 11 | (19.0) | 10 | (17.2) | 19 | (32.8) | 18 | (31.0) | 58 | (6.1) |
| |
| | Total | 170 | (18.3) | 159 | (17.1) | 259 | (27.8) | 342 | (36.8) | 930 | (100.0) |
| |
| 141 | (14.9) | 123 | (13.0) | 297 | (31.4) | 384 | (40.6) | 945 | (100.0) |
| | | | Family history |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 0.283 | 3 | 0.963 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 7.558 | 3 | 0.056 | | No | 76 | (19.1) | 70 | (17.6) | 106 | (26.7) | 145 | (36.5) | 397 | (45.6) |
| |
| 76 | (18.0) | 55 | (13.0) | 132 | (31.2) | 160 | (37.8) | 423 | (47.6) |
| |
| | Yes | 86 | (18.2) | 80 | (16.9) | 128 | (27.1) | 179 | (37.8) | 473 | (54.4) |
| |
| 54 | (11.6) | 62 | (13.3) | 150 | (32.3) | 199 | (42.8) | 465 | (52.4) |
| |
| | Total | 162 | (18.6) | 150 | (17.2) | 234 | (26.9) | 324 | (37.2) | 870 | (100.0) |
| |
| 130 | (14.6) | 117 | (13.2) | 282 | (31.8) | 359 | (40.4) | 888 | (100.0) |
| | | | BMI (<25 kg/m2)* | | | | | | | | | | | 13.353 | 6 | 0.038 | | | | | | | | | | | 5.189 | 6 | 0.520 | | ≥25 | 84 | (19.3) | 74 | (17.0) | 118 | (27.1) | 160 | (36.7) | 436 | (43.6) | | | | 55 | (14.6) | 53 | (14.1) | 115 | (30.5) | 154 | (40.8) | 377 | (36.9) | | | | | <25 | 64 | (20.9) | 59 | (19.3) | 77 | (25.2) | 106 | (34.6) | 306 | (30.6) | | | | 50 | (15.1) | 49 | (14.8) | 105 | (31.6) | 128 | (38.6) | 332 | (32.5) | | | | | Unknown | 31 | (12.0) | 37 | (14.3) | 81 | (31.4) | 109 | (42.2) | 258 | (25.8) | | | | 42 | (13.4) | 32 | (10.2) | 97 | (31.0) | 142 | (45.4) | 313 | (30.6) | | | | | Total | 179 | (17.9) | 170 | (17.0) | 276 | (27.6) | 375 | (37.5) | 1000 | (100.0) | | | | 147 | (14.4) | 134 | (13.1) | 317 | (31.0) | 424 | (41.5) | 1022 | (100.0) | | | | Physical activity
(150 min/weekly) | | | | | | | | | | | 14.103 | 3 | 0.003 | | | | | | | | | | | 7.706 | 3 | 0.052 | | No | 113 | (18.2) | 90 | (14.5) | 162 | (26.0) | 257 | (41.3) | 622 | (62.2) | | | | 82 | (13.2) | 77 | (12.4) | 182 | (29.4) | 278 | (44.9) | 619 | (60.6) | | | | | Yes | 66 | (17.5) | 80 | (21.2) | 114 | (30.2) | 118 | (31.2) | 378 | (37.8) | | | | 65 | (16.1) | 57 | (14.1) | 135 | (33.5) | 146 | (36.2) | 403 | (39.4) | | | | | Total | 179 | (17.9) | 170 | (17.0) | 276 | (27.6) | 375 | (37.5) | 1000 | (100.0) | | | | 147 | (14.4) | 134 | (13.1) | 317 | (31.0) | 424 | (41.5) | 1022 | (100.0) | | | | | Smoking status |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1.745 | 3 | 0.627 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1.491 | 3 | 0.684 | | No | 137 | (17.6) | 134 | (17.2) | 218 | (28.0) | 289 | (37.1) | 778 | (83.4) |
| |
| 139 | (14.8) | 120 | (12.8) | 293 | (31.2) | 386 | (41.2) | 938 | (97.6) |
| |
| | Yes | 34 | (21.9) | 27 | (17.4) | 41 | (26.5) | 53 | (34.2) | 155 | (16.6) |
| |
| 3 | (13.0) | 4 | (17.4) | 9 | (39.1) | 7 | (30.4) | 23 | (2.4) |
| |
| | Total | 171 | (18.3) | 161 | (17.3) | 259 | (27.8) | 342 | (36.7) | 933 | (100.0) |
| |
| 142 | (14.8) | 124 | (12.9) | 302 | (31.4) | 393 | (40.9) | 961 | (100.0) |
| | | | Alcohol status |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 4.203 | 3 | 0.240 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 2.280 | 3 | 0.516 | | No | 48 | (17.1) | 39 | (13.9) | 82 | (29.2) | 112 | (39.9) | 281 | (29.9) |
| |
| 137 | (14.6) | 123 | (13.1) | 292 | (31.1) | 388 | (41.3) | 940 | (96.8) |
| |
| | Yes | 124 | (18.8) | 122 | (18.5) | 180 | (27.4) | 232 | (35.3) | 658 | (70.1) |
| |
| 5 | (16.1) | 4 | (12.9) | 13 | (41.9) | 9 | (29.0) | 31 | (3.2) |
| |
| | Total | 172 | (18.3) | 161 | (17.1) | 262 | (27.9) | 344 | (36.6) | 939 | (100.0) |
| |
| 142 | (14.6) | 127 | (13.1) | 305 | (31.4) | 397 | (40.9) | 971 | (100.0) |
| |
| SMBG
Once/daily | | | | | | | | | | | 1.342 | 3 | 0.719 | | | | | | | | | | | 2.490 | 3 | 0.477 | | No | 170 | (17.9) | 164 | (17.3) | 261 | (27.5) | 353 | (37.2) | 948 | (94.8) | | | | 142 | (14.7) | 127 | (13.2) | 295 | (30.6) | 401 | (41.6) | 965 | (94.4) | | | | | Yes | 9 | (17.3) | 6 | (11.5) | 15 | (28.8) | 22 | (42.3) | 52 | (5.2) | | | | 5 | (8.8) | 7 | (12.3) | 22 | (38.6) | 23 | (40.4) | 57 | (5.6) | | | | | Total | 179 | (17.9) | 170 | (17.0) | 276 | (27.6) | 375 | (37.5) | 1000 | (100.0) | | | | 147 | (14.4) | 134 | (13.1) | 317 | (31.0) | 424 | (41.5) | 1022 | (100.0) | | | | SMBG
Once/weekly |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 5.919 | 3 | 0.116 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 5.430 | 3 | 0.143 | | No | 73 | (17.0) | 79 | (18.4) | 131 | (30.5) | 147 | (34.2) | 430 | (48.7) |
| |
| 85 | (17.0) | 70 | (14.0) | 152 | (30.4) | 193 | (38.6) | 500 | (53.8) |
| |
| | Yes | 92 | (20.3) | 73 | (16.1) | 112 | (24.7) | 176 | (38.9) | 453 | (51.3) |
| |
| 54 | (12.5) | 51 | (11.8) | 139 | (32.3) | 187 | (43.4) | 431 | (46.2) |
| |
| | Total | 165 | (18.7) | 152 | (17.2) | 243 | (27.5) | 323 | (36.6) | 883 | (100.0) |
| |
| 139 | (14.9) | 121 | (13.0) | 290 | (31.2) | 380 | (40.9) | 930 | (100.0) |
| |
| | Medication compliance |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 0.445 | 3 | 0.931 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 8.403 | 3 | 0.038 | | Full | 83 | (18.2) | 85 | (18.7) | 122 | (26.8) | 165 | (36.3) | 455 | (58.1) |
| |
| 79 | (17.3) | 73 | (16.0) | 142 | (31.1) | 162 | (35.5) | 456 | (55.5) |
| |
| | Partial | 64 | (19.5) | 56 | (17.1) | 89 | (27.1) | 119 | (36.3) | 328 | (41.9) |
| |
| 48 | (13.2) | 42 | (11.5) | 117 | (32.1) | 158 | (43.3) | 365 | (44.5) |
| |
| | Total | 147 | (18.8) | 141 | (18.0) | 211 | (26.9) | 284 | (36.3) | 783 | (100.0) |
| |
| 127 | (15.5) | 115 | (14.0) | 259 | (31.5) | 320 | (39.0) | 821 | (100.0) |
| | | | Self-management willingness |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 7.088 | 3 | 0.069 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 7.290 | 3 | 0.063 | | Strong | 122 | (18.9) | 123 | (19.0) | 180 | (27.8) | 222 | (34.3) | 647 | (82.6) |
|
|
| 108 | (15.6) | 105 | (15.2) | 221 | (31.9) | 259 | (37.4) | 693 | (84.4) |
| |
| | Average | 25 | (18.4) | 18 | (13.2) | 31 | (22.8) | 62 | (45.6) | 136 | (17.4) |
|
|
| 19 | (14.8) | 10 | (7.8) | 38 | (29.7) | 61 | (47.7) | 128 | (15.6) |
| |
| | Total | 147 | (18.8) | 141 | (18.0) | 211 | (26.9) | 284 | (36.3) | 783 | (100.0) |
|
|
| 127 | (15.5) | 115 | (14.0) | 259 | (31.5) | 320 | (39.0) | 821 | (100.0) |
| |
| | Categorized by type of medication |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 137.529 | 9 | <0.001 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 120.758 | 9 | <0.001 | | Oral medication(s) alone | 151 | (22.4) | 144 | (21.4) | 203 | (30.2) | 176 | (26.2) | 673 | (67.3) | | | | 129 | (19.3) | 107 | (16.0) | 231 | (34.6) | 201 | (30.1) | 668 | (65.4) |
| |
| | Insulin alone | 8 | (18.2) | 8 | (18.2) | 10 | (22.7) | 18 | (40.9) | 44 | (4.4) | | | | 5 | (11.1) | 6 | (13.3) | 9 | (20.0) | 25 | (55.6) | 45 | (4.4) |
| |
| | Both oral medication and insulin | 20 | (7.1) | 18 | (6.4) | 64 | (22.6) | 181 | (64.0) | 283 | (28.3) | | | | 13 | (4.2) | 21 | (6.8) | 77 | (24.9) | 198 | (64.1) | 309 | (30.2) |
| |
| | Total | 179 | (17.9) | 170 | (17.0) | 276 | (27.6) | 375 | (37.5) | 1000 | (100.0) | | | | 147 | (14.4) | 134 | (13.1) | 317 | (31.0) | 424 | (41.5) | 1022 | (100.0) |
| |
|
|
|
*Initial visit level.
No.: Number.
df: degree of freedom.
|
